Energy for life: Respiration Flashcards
What is the purpose of respiration?
The oxidisation of glucose to release energy in the form of ATP
How have we used anaerobic respiration of plants and fungi to help us? (Example Q)
Production of bread and beer
How have we used anaerobic respiration in bacteria to help us? (Example Q)
Production of yoghurt
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi?
Glucose –> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O
What colour does hydrogencarbonate indicator turn with decreased carbon dioxide levels?
Purple
What colour does hydrogen carbonate indicator turn when bubbled through carbon dioxide?
Yellow
What is oxygen debt?
The extra oxygen needed to oxidise the lactic acid and break it down
What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration in animals?
Aerobic:
- Mitochondria.
- Releases a lot of ATP
- Complete oxidisation of glucose
Anaerobic:
- Cytoplasm
- Not a lot of ATP released
- Partial breakdown of Glucose due to lack of, or no oxygen.
What is the colour change of limewater when carbon dioxide is bubbled through it?
Clear to Cloudy
What colour does hydrogencarbonate indicator turn when exposed to atmospheric carbin dioxide levels?
Red
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water
Why is lactic acid a bad waste product in animals?
It is poisonous (in large quantities) and can cause cramps
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals and bacteria?
Glucose –> Lactic acid
How is alveoli specialised for gas exchange? [4 points]
- Folded walls + lots of alveoli for high surface area
- network and capillaries for maintainance of high concentration gradient
- walls are one cell this for short diffusion distance
- moist walls to make it easier for gases to diffuse in and out of alveoli
what are the limitations of the bell jar model? [4 points]
- Sometimes only one balloon - not accurate because humans have 2 lungs
- glass tube is rigid and the trachea is not
- intercostal muscles not modelled
- ribcage doesn’t move and it does
What colour does hydrogen carbonate turn for exhaled air?
Yellow due to increased CO2
what colour does limewater turn for inhaled air?
stays clear because there is little CO2 in inhaled air
how is nicotine from cigarettes dangerous?
increases heart rate and is addictive
what colour does limewater turn for exhaled air? (and why)
cloudy. because exhaled air has a lot of carbon dioxide due to it being produced via respiration
how is carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke dangerous?
binds irreversibly to haemoglobin and reduces the amount of oxygen carried by red blood cells
difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in animals?
AEROBIC - mitochondria; releases a lot of ATP; complete oxidisation of glucose
ANAEROBIC - cytoplasm; less ATP released; partial oxidisation
What is respiration?
the oxidation of glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.
What does aerobic respiration require to break down glucose?
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to break down glucose and release energy
What happens to the content of exhaled air after exercise?
Exhaled air after exercise contains more carbon dioxide and less oxygen compared to inhaled air.
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
What effect does temperature have on the rate of diffusion? [2 points]
At higher temperatures, molecules have more kinetic energy, move faster, and diffusion occurs faster
How does the concentration gradient affect diffusion?
A larger difference in concentration between two areas speeds up diffusion, while a small difference slows it down.
How does distance affect diffusion?
The further the molecules must travel, the slower diffusion occurs. Smaller cells reduce the distance for diffusion.
How does surface area to volume ratio affect diffusion? [2 points]
A larger surface area speeds up diffusion, as there are more opportunities for molecules to move. Smaller structures with a larger SA:V ratio are more efficient.
Where is the gas exchange system located?
The gas exchange system is located in the thorax (upper part of the body).
What is the function of the trachea?
Carries air into the lungs
Name an adaptation of the trachea
Kept open by C-shaped cartilage rings
What is the role of bronchioles? [2 points]
Bronchioles are smaller tubes branching from the bronchi, carrying air deep into the lungs.
What are alveoli, and what happens there? [2 points]
Alveoli are microscopic air sacs where gas exchange occurs; oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
How does the diaphragm help in ventilation? [2 points]
The diaphragm contracts and relaxes to help move air in and out of the lungs during inhalation and exhalation.
How does gas exchange occur in the alveoli? [2 points - major]
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, where it binds to haemoglobin. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.
What are adaptations of the alveoli for gas exchange? [list 3]
- thin cell walls (1 cell thick)
- constant blood flow in capillaries
- highly folded for large surface area
State what happens during inhalation: [7 points]
- Diaphragm contracts and moves down
- Intercostal muscles move down, lifts the ribcage
- increases thoracic volume
- lowers air pressure
- causes air to flow into lungs
State what happens during exhalation: [6 points]
- diaphragm relaxes and moves up
- intercostal muscles realx, lowering the ribcage
- decreases thoracic volume
- raises air pressure
- causes air to flow out of the lungs.
What are carginogens? [bonus tobacco point]
carginogens are cemicals that increase the risk of cancer.
Tobacco smoke contains at least 17 carginogens.
How does smoking affect oxygen transport in the blood? [3 points]
- Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke binds to haemoglobin
- forms carboxyhemoglobin
- reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen.
How does smoking affect lung function?
- Damages cilia in the lungs
- leads to mucus buildup
- increases rist of bronchitis and amphysema
What is emphysema?
Disease where alveoli break down and reduces the surface are availabel tof gas exchange.
How is a steep concentration gradient for both oxygen and carbon dioxide maintained in the alveoli? [4 points]
A steep concentration gradient for both oxygen and carbon dioxide is maintained in the alveoli as follows:
good ventilation supplies oxygen to, and removes carbon dioxide from, the alveoli
A good blood supply means that the blood immediately next to each alveolus is always low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide
Function of trachea:
The trachea, or windpipe, connects the nose and mouth to the lungs.
Describe the alveoli. [2 points]
Alveoli are tiny air sacs surrounded by a network of capillaries, serving as the site of gas exchange between the air and the blood.
What is the role of the bronchi? [2 points]
The bronchi (singular bronchus) branch off the trachea and carry air into the right and left lungs. They contain mucus to trap dust and pathogens.
What is inspired air?
Inspired air is air drawn into the body from the environment.
How does the oxygen content of inspired and expired air differ? [comparison points]
Inspired air contains a higher oxygen concentration than expired air.
How does the carbon dioxide content of inspired and expired air differ?
Inspired air contains a lower carbon dioxide concentration than expired air
What is the function of cartilage in the trachea?
To support the airways and keep them open during breathing.
Define ventilation
the movement of air into and out of the lungs during breathing.
What is the role of the external intercostal muscles during ventilation? [1 point +1]
pull the ribcage up. This occurs when the external intercostal muscles contract during inhalation.
What happens to the diaphragm during expiration? [3 points and explanation]
What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?
What is the role of goblet cells in the airways?
To produce mucus in the airways
