Big to Small Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
What organelles are not in bacteria cells? [3 points]
A
Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts.
2
Q
How do fungi store carbohydrates?
A
As glycogen
3
Q
Which organelle releases energy from glucose by respiration?
A
Mitochondria
4
Q
What part of the cell controls what moves in and out of the cytoplasm?
A
Cell membrane
5
Q
What provides support to plant, fungi and bacterial cells?
A
Cell wall
6
Q
Which organelle makes proteins?
A
Ribosome
7
Q
What are the cells walls of plants made of?
A
Cellulose
8
Q
How do plants store carbohydrates?
A
As starch or sucrose
9
Q
What four types of organisms can be pathogens?
A
Fungi, Bacteria, protoctista and viruses
10
Q
How do animals store carbohydrates?
A
As glycogen
11
Q
Give two differences between plant and animal cells.
A
Answer (any two of):
plant cells have a cell wall, animal cells do not
plant cells have permanent vacuoles, animal cells do not
plant cells have chloroplasts, animal cells do not
12
Q
What are the cells walls of Fungi made of?
A
Chitin
13
Q
How do fungi reproduce?
A
Via spores
13
Q
Are protoctista unicellular or multicellular?
A
Unicellular
14
Q
Are bacteria unicellular or multicellular?
A
Unicellular
15
Q
True or false: Bacteria have DNA in a nucleus
A
FALSE: Bacteria do not have a nucleus
16
Q
What is the test for glucose? (Also called reducing sugars).
Describe what chemical solution is used and how to carry out the experiment.
[4 points]
A
Benedicts solution.
Add Benedicts solution to a test tube with whatever you are testing inside. Put in a boiling water bath. Take out and observe the colour.
17
Q
What is the test for starch? [2 points]
A
Iodine solution.
Add a few drops to the sample.
18
Q
What is the test for fats/ lipids? [2 points]
A
Ethanol.
Add drops to a test tube with sample. Add water and shake.
19
Q
What is the test for fats/ lipids?
A
Ethanol.
Add drops to a test tube with sample. Add water and shake.
20
Q
What is the test for protein?
A
Biurets solution.
Add solution to sample and shake.
21
Q
What elements are in carbohydrates?
A
Carbon (C), Hyrdrogen (H), Oxygen (O)
22
Q
How do you know if starch is present?
A
It will go blue/black
23
Q
How do you know if Protein is present?
A
It will go mauve/purple
24
How do you know if sugar is present?
It will go red/ orange/ green/ yellow
(Depends on how much is present. Red if lots)
25
How do you know is lipids are present?
Milky white/cloudy
26
What is a monomer?
A small molecule that can join end-to-end with other monomers to form a polymer molecule.
27
What is a polymer? [2 points]
A large molecule formed from many identical, smaller molecules known as monomers.
28
What is the function of the nucleus?
[2 points]
controls the actions of the cell (by making proteins)
stores DNA
29
Name 2 Eukaryotic cells
Plant and animal
30
What is the function of the cell membrane? [2 points]
barrier between cytoplasm and surroundings of cell.
Controls what exits/enters the cell (selectively permeable)
31
Function of the cell wall [2 points]:
Made of cellulose. Helps plants keep a fixed shape, therefore keeps the plant upright.
32
Function of the vacuole:
stores cell sap (waste product) and dissolved sugars and mineral ions nad other products.
33
Function of ribosome:
protien synthesis
34
Function of cytoplasm:
Jelly-like liquid where chemical reactions occur.
35
define cell [2 points]:
smallest functioning unit of life, made up of organelles, structures that carry out (specific) processes the cell needs to survive.
36
what is a tissue?
a group of similar cells thay work together to carry out the same function. (e.g. muslce tissue in humans)
37
what is an organ?
a group of different tissues working together to carry out a more ocmplex function. (e.g. the heart)
38
what is an organ system?
a group of several different organs working together to carry out more complex functions essential to life.
39
what is the equation linking magnification, image size, and actual size?
magnification = image/actual (size)
40
what do animal cells store carbohydrates as?
glycogen
41
what is the name for a cell that feeds off of other organisms to survive?
heterotroph
42
what do plants store carbohydrates as? [2 points]
as starch or glucose
43
what is the whole structure of a fungi cell called?
mycelium
44
what is the ecll wall in a fungus cell made of?
chitin
45
true or false: fungus cells can photosynthesise
false
46
are protoctista single celled?
yes
47
give an example of a protoctist.
plasmodium
48
how do fungi obtain food? [2 points]
via extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes on food material, and absorption of the organic products (saprophytic nutrition)
49
name the eukaryotic kingdoms [4 points]
animal; plant; fungi; protoctista
50
name the prokaryotic kingdoms: [2 points]
bacteria; virus
51
what is the cell wall inside a bacteria cell called?
peptidoglycan
52
bacteria cells do not have a nucleus. where is their genetic information stored? [2 points]
in the cytoplasm in the form of a single circular chromosome
53
how to bacteria obtain food? give two ways.
obtain food from other organisms, either as parasites, or by causing decomposition.
54
are bacteria multi cellular or unicellular?
unicellular
55
what are virsuses made up of?
Made up of a strand of genetic material (DNA or RNA), surrounded by a protein coat
56
are viruses cells?
no
57
how do viruses reproduce
have to enter a host cell - Take over the ribosomes and enzymes in the cell to make new virus particles.
58
what are pathogens?
microorganisms that cause infectious disease.
59
what is a stem cell?
Undifferentiated cell of an organism that is capable of diving to many more cells of the same type
60
what do all cells begin as?
a stem cell
61
define specialised cell
a cell that has a specific structure function, adapted to perform a particular task within the body
62
what are the elemnts found in carbohydrates?
C, H, O
63
what are the elements found in proteins?
C, H, O, N
64
what are the elemnts found in lipds (fats)
C, H, O
65
what is starch used for, in plants?
energy store
66
what is glycogen used for in animals?
energy store for respiration
67
what does adenine (A) always pair with?
thymine (T)
68
what does cytosine (C) aways pair with?
Guanine (G)
69
What must you remember when you are drawing cells from a microscope? [2 points]
draw in neat pencil lines
note down what magnification you are using
69
How are muscle cells adapted for their function? [4 points]
1. Function: to generate movement
2. Contain many mitochondria to transfer the energy needed
3. Can store glycogen which can be used in respiration to transfer the energy needed
4. Contain special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract
70
Why is cell differentiation important? [2 points]
So that cells can become specialised for a particular function and carry out this function in the most efficient way
71
What is the smallest functional unit of life?
Cell
## Footnote
Cells contain organelles that perform specific functions necessary for survival.
72
What are organelles?
Structures within a cell that carry out specific processes
## Footnote
Examples include the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
73
What is a tissue?
A group of similar cells working together to carry out the same function
## Footnote
An example in humans is muscle tissue.
74
What is an organ?
Made up of several different tissues working together to carry out a more complex function
## Footnote
The heart is an example of an organ made up of muscle tissue.
75
What is an organ system?
A group of different organs working together to carry out complex functions essential to life
76
What is the function of the cell wall?
Helps plants keep a fixed shape and remain upright
## Footnote
Made of cellulose.
77
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Separates the inside of the cell from the outer environment and controls what enters and exits the cell
78
What do ribosomes do?
Protein synthesis
79
What is the function of the nucleus?
Controls the activity of the cell by producing proteins and contains chromosomes (DNA)
80
What does a vacuole do?
Holds cell sap and stores dissolved sugars, mineral ions, and other substances
81
What is the cytoplasm?
A jelly-like liquid where chemical reactions occur and holds organelles in place
82
What is the function of mitochondria?
Carries out aerobic respiration, producing ATP
83
What do chloroplasts do?
Absorb light energy to carry out photosynthesis
## Footnote
Green is found only in plant cells.
84
What is the formula for magnification?
Magnification = Image size / Actual size
85
What are the characteristics of eukaryotic kingdoms?
Multicellular, complex cells with a nucleus
## Footnote
Includes Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protoctista.
86
What are the characteristics of the Animal kingdom? [6 short points]
* Multicellular
* No cell wall
* Heterotrophs
* Store carbohydrates as glycogen
* Can move
* Usually have a nervous system
87
What are the characteristics of the Plant kingdom? [5 points]
* Multicellular
* Have chlorophyll and chloroplasts
* Autotrophs
* Store carbohydrates as starch or glucose
* Cellulose cell wall
88
What are the characteristics of the Fungi kingdom? [5 points]
* Can be single-celled or multicellular
* Cell walls of chitin
* Cannot photosynthesize
* Obtain food by saprophytic nutrition
* May store carbohydrates as glycogen
89
What characterizes the Protoctista kingdom? [3 points]
* Microscopic single-celled organisms
* Some photosynthesize, others feed on organic remains
* Can have chloroplasts and cell walls
90
What are the characteristics of the Bacteria kingdom? [5 points]
* Unicellular
* Cells have walls
* Obtain food from other living organisms
* No nucleus
* Cell walls made of peptidoglycan
91
What are viruses?
Non-cellular entities made of genetic material and a protein coat
## Footnote
Not considered alive and require a host to reproduce.
92
What is a pathogen?
Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
## Footnote
Includes viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protoctista.
93
What is a stem cell?
An undifferentiated cell capable of dividing into many more cells of the same type
94
What is a specialised cell?
A cell with a specific structure and function adapted to perform a particular task
95
What is the function of a red blood cell?
Transport oxygen around the body
96
What is the function of a palisade cell?
Carry out photosynthesis
97
What is a monomer?
Small molecule that can join with other monomers to form a polymer
98
What is a polymer?
A large molecule formed from many monomers
99
What are carbohydrates made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O)
100
What is the function of starch?
Energy store in plants
101
What is the function of glycogen?
Energy store for respiration
102
What are proteins made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (C, H, O, N)
103
What are the functions of proteins? (give 3)
* Transport proteins
* Structural proteins
* Antibodies
* Hormones
* Energy store
* Insulation
104
What are lipids made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O)
105
What are the functions of lipids? [4 points]
* Insulation
* Protection
* Energy
* Muscle repair and growth
106
What is the chemical solution used to test for starch?
Iodine solution
107
What color indicates the presence of starch in the test?
Blue/Black
108
What is the chemical solution used to test for protein?
Biuret's solution
109
What color indicates the presence of protein in the test?
Mauve/Purple
110
What is the chemical solution used to test for lipids?
Ethanol
111
What color indicates the presence of lipids in the test?
Milky-white, cloudy
112
What is the chemical solution used to test for glucose?
Benedict's solution
113
What colors indicate the presence of glucose in the test?
* Orange
* Green
* Yellow
* Red
114
What are nucleic acids?
Chemicals containing information for making proteins, found in chromosomes
115
What is the structure of DNA?
Double helix formed from two strands of nucleotides
116
What is the base pairing rule in DNA?
Adenine pairs with Thymine, Cytosine pairs with Guanine
117
What are enzymes?
Protein molecules that control specific chemical reactions and act as biological catalysts
118
What is an active site?
The region on an enzyme where the substrate binds
119
What is a substrate?
The molecule that binds to the enzyme
120
What is an enzyme-substrate complex?
A temporary molecule formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate
121
What is activation energy?
The minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur
122
What is the lock and key mechanism?
The model describing how an enzyme and substrate interact specifically
123
What factors affect the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction?
* Temperature
* Concentration of substrate or enzyme
* Denaturation
124
What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?
They can denature, changing the shape of the active site
125
What is the optimum temperature for enzymes?
The temperature at which enzymes work most efficiently
126
What happens to the shape of enzymes at extreme pH levels?
The shape changes, affecting their function
