Big to Small Flashcards
What organelles are not in bacteria cells? [3 points]
Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts.
How do fungi store carbohydrates?
As glycogen
Which organelle releases energy from glucose by respiration?
Mitochondria
What part of the cell controls what moves in and out of the cytoplasm?
Cell membrane
What provides support to plant, fungi and bacterial cells?
Cell wall
Which organelle makes proteins?
Ribosome
What are the cells walls of plants made of?
Cellulose
How do plants store carbohydrates?
As starch or sucrose
What four types of organisms can be pathogens?
Fungi, Bacteria, protoctista and viruses
How do animals store carbohydrates?
As glycogen
Give two differences between plant and animal cells.
Answer (any two of):
plant cells have a cell wall, animal cells do not
plant cells have permanent vacuoles, animal cells do not
plant cells have chloroplasts, animal cells do not
What are the cells walls of Fungi made of?
Chitin
How do fungi reproduce?
Via spores
Are protoctista unicellular or multicellular?
Unicellular
Are bacteria unicellular or multicellular?
Unicellular
True of false: Bacteria have DNA in a nucleus
FALSE: Bacteria do not have a nucleus
What is the test for glucose? (Also called reducing sugar).
Describe what chemical solution is used and how to carry out the experiment.
[4 points]
Benedicts solution.
Add Benedicts solution to a test tube with whatever you are testing inside. Put in a boiling water bath. Take out and observe the colour.
What is the test for starch? [2 points]
Iodine solution.
Add a few drops to the sample.
What is the test for fats/ lipids? [2 points]
Ethanol.
Add drops to a test tube with sample. Add water and shake.
What is the test for fats/ lipids?
Ethanol.
Add drops to a test tube with sample. Add water and shake.
What is the test for protein?
Biurets solution.
Add solution to sample and shake.
What elements are in carbohydrates?
Carbon (C), Hyrdrogen (H), Oxygen (O)
How do you know if starch is present?
It will go blue/black
How do you know if Protein is present?
It will go mauve/purple
How do you know if sugar is present?
It will go red/ orange/ green/ yellow
(Depends on how much is present. Red if lots)
How do you know is lipids are present?
Milky white/cloudy
What is a monomer?
A small molecule that can join end-to-end with other monomers to form a polymer molecule.
What is a polymer? [2 points]
A large molecule formed from many identical, smaller molecules known as monomers.
What is the function of the nucleus?
[2 points]
controls the actions of the cell (by making proteins)
stores DNA
Name 2 Eukaryotic cells
Plant and animal
What is the function of the cell membrane? [2 points]
barrier between cytoplasm and surroundings of cell.
Controls what exits/enters the cell (selectively permeable)
Function of the cell wall [2 points]:
Made of cellulose. Helps plants keep a fixed shape, therefore keeps the plant upright.
Function of the vacuole:
stores cell sap (waste product) and dissolved sugars and mineral ions nad other products.
Function of ribosome:
protien synthesis
Funcino of cytoplasm:
Jelly-like liquid where chemical reactions occur.
define cell [2 points]:
smallest functioning unit of life, made up of organelles, structures that carry out (specific) processes the cell needs to survive.
what is a tissue?
a group of similar cells thay work together to carry out the same function. (e.g. muslce tissue in humans)
what is an organ?
a group of different tissues working together to carry out a more ocmplex function. (e.g. the heart)
what is an organ system?
a group of several different organs working together to carry out more complex functions essential to life.
what is the equation linking magnification, image size, and actual size?
magnification = image/actual (size)
what do animal cells store carbohydrates as?
glycogen
what is the name for a cell that feeds off of other organisms to survive?
heterotroph
what do plants store carbohydrates as? [2 points]
as starch or glucose
what is the whole structure of a fungi cell called?
mycelium
what is the ecll wall in a fungus cell made of?
chitin
true or false: fungus cells can photosynthesise
false
are protoctista single celled?
yes
give an example of a protoctist.
plasmodium
how do fungi obtain food? [2 points]
via extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes on food material, and absorption of the organic products (saprophytic nutrition)
name the eukaryotic kingdoms [4 points]
animal; plant; fungi; protoctista
name the prokaryotic kingdoms: [2 points]
bacteria; virus
what is the cell wall inside a bacteria cell called?
peptidoglycan
bacteria celss do not have a nucleus. where is their genetic information stored? [2 points]
in the cytoplasm in the form of a single circular chromosome
how to bacteria obtain food? give two ways.
obtain food from other organisms, either as parasites, or by causing decomposition.
are bacteria multi cellular or unicellular?
unicellular
what are virsuses made up of?
Made up of a strand of genetic material (DNA or RNA), surrounded by a protein coat
are viruses cells?
no
how do viruses reproduce
have to enter a host cell - Take over the ribosomes and enzymes in the cell to make new virus particles.
what are pathogens?
microorganisms that cause infectious disease.
what is a stem cell?
Undifferentiated cell of an organism that is capable of diving to many more cells of the same type
what do all cells begin as?
a stem cell
define specialised cell
a cell that has a specific structure function, adapted to perform a particular task within the body
what are the elemnts found in carbohydrates?
C, H, O
what are the elements found in proteins?
C, H, O, N
what are the elemnts found in lipds (fats)
C, H, O
what is starch used for, in plants?
energy store
what is glycogen used for in animals?
energy store for respiration
what does adenine (A) always pair with?
thymine (T)
what does cytosine (C) aways pair with?
Guanine (G)
What must you remember when you are drawing cells from a microscope? [2 points]
draw in neat pencil lines
note down what magnification you are using
How are muscle cells adapted for their function? [4 points]
- Function: to generate movement
- Contain many mitochondria to transfer the energy needed
- Can store glycogen which can be used in respiration to transfer the energy needed
- Contain special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract
Why is cell differentiation important?
So that cells can become specialised for a particular function and carry out this function in the most efficient way
