energy expenditure aerobic /anerobic

Question 1

what are the 3 aerobic pathways?

Answer 1

1) Krebs
2)glycolysis
2)electron transport chain

Question 2

aerobic glycolysis

Answer 2

Occurs in the cytosol or cytoplasm of the cell.

Aerobic glycolysis is a multistage process that involves
glucose being broken down or converted to pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions in the cytoplasm producing a net of 2 ATP’s reducing 2nad to nadh (used to create more ATP later on). Carbon dioxide is produced and the enzyme where acetyl co A (enzyme) to form citric acid which moved into the second stage the krebs cycle

Krebs cycle
Occurs in the mitochondria matricx to form 6nad to nadh where the enzyme fad to form fadh2 which forms a net of 36atps by the end

Electron transport chain occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria

The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial component of cellular respiration, the process by which cells generate energy. It takes place in the inner mitochondrial to produce 3 ATPs and nadh produces 2 ATP’s.

A build-up of hydrogen molecules in the mitochondrial matrix oxygen) where the synthase enzyme transports h2 down the gradient from high to low through the protein channel where it binds to o2 to create water and ATP which produces energy.

Question 3

in relation to endurance, how does it affect glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transfer chain?

Answer 3

Endurance exercise may lead to increased glycolytic activity to provide a quick source of energy.

The increased activity of the Krebs cycle helps generate more reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2), which are essential for the next stage of cellular respiration.

Endurance exercise can lead to an increased flow of electrons through the electron transport chain, ultimately resulting in higher ATP production. This process helps maintain energy levels during prolonged activity.

This results in enhanced activity of these metabolic pathways to efficiently generate energy and sustain performance during prolonged physical activity.

Question 4

the complete breakdown of glucose how many ATP produced?

Answer 4

36ATP

Question 5

what is the Electron transport chain?

Answer 5

Is the final stage occurs in the inner wall of mitochondria where electrons are extracted from NADH to where it is transported through protein channels down a gradient to attach to oxygen to form h20 and the release of energy.

Question 6

what are the acute adaptations to aerobic /endurance training?

Answer 6

Cardiovascular adaptions

-changes in blood volume
-increased cardiac output /stroke volume
-
Musculoskeletal adaptations
-increased mitochondria creating more ATP to sustain exercise for longer periods
-increased lactate removal (anaerobic work) allowing a higher capacity
-increased muscle glycolysis
-increased capitalization/ profusion which leads to better more efficient at o2 delivery

Question 7

what are the chronic adaptations to aerobic /endurance training?

Answer 7

cardiovascular adaptions

-increased heart hypotrophy of the atriums and verticals which leads to increased 02 delivery at rest and during exercise

• heart rate at is lower at rest and at submaximal exercise intensities

-as cardiac function increases arterial walls increase in diameter to account for higher blood volumes and profusion

muscular skeletal adaptations
-Improved Metabolic Enzyme Activity:
-Muscle Hypertrophy
-Muscle Fiber Type Transformation 1.5% per year type 2 glycolytic

Question 8

Krebs cycle has to pathways what are they?

Answer 8

glycolysis
beta-oxidation which is fat metabolism

Question 9

how much ATP does the Krebs cycle generate in the 1 molecule of glucose?

Answer 9

2 ATP upon completion end up with 28

Question 10

how much ATP does 1 molecule of glycerol produce when it undergoes the glycolytic citric acid cycle ?

Answer 10

19 ATP

Question 11

how much ATP is produced when 3 molecules of fatty acid undergoes beta oxidation?

Answer 11

441 ATP

Question 12

what is the total produced from both avenues?

Answer 12

460 ATP

Question 13

how fast is fat metabolism?

Answer 13

occurs at a slower rate almost half that of the of glucose/carbs

Question 14

What is the hormone that breaks down fat?

Answer 14

hormone sensitives lipase

Question 15

where does beta oxidation occur?

Answer 15

Beta-oxidation is a crucial component of energy metabolism the occurs in the mitochondria, especially during periods of fasting or prolonged exercise when the body relies on stored fat as an energy source.

Fat requires more oxygen to break the fat 602 to catalyze 1 molecule of glycerol
for example 1 mol 02=22.4L
6mol 02=134.4L

Question 16

why is there a difference in time regarding the breakdown of fats vs glucose?

Answer 16

Fats wats have double bonds and single bounds which require more energy to metabolize (in the presence of ephedrine and adrenaline)

glucose is more easily broken down and because of its already in the blood and can easily be converted from glycogen to glucose in the muscles

Question 17

what are the enzymes which that increase:

1)fat metabolism
2) glucose metabolism

Answer 17

At rest, low-intensity exercise: low ATP demand
– Low ADP (from low ATP breakdown)
– Resynthesis of ATP from ADP done via

During exercise
high intensity
-glycolysis (increased ATP demand)
-upregulation of PFK signals to increase glycolysis

Low intensity (sustained bouts)
Epinephrine and HSL increase Fat oxidation increase

Question 18

what is a calourie?

Answer 18

A calorie is a unit of energy measurement which equates derived from the energy it takes to raise 1L of water by 1 degree C = 1 Cal or 1000kcal
1g fat=9.1kcal/g
carbs =4.9kcal/g
protein=4.9kcal/g

Question 19

why is o2 important in energy expenditure?

Answer 19

because the energy expended can be calculated by the amount of oxygen consumed V02 as we know that 1 L of O2 yields:

– 5.05 kcal CHO,
-4.68 kcal fats
v02 values can be used to covert V02 to kcal

Question 20

what is the RER or respiratory exchange ratio?

Answer 20

Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) is the ratio between the volume of CO2 being produced by the body and the amount of O2 being consumed. It can be used to identify what substrate is being used based on energy demand.

Question 21

what are the RER values of carbs and fats?

Answer 21

fats =0.7
carbs =1
protein=0.84

Question 22

what is Resting Metabolic Rates?

Answer 22

when there is an equilibrium in all metabolic processes needed to sustain normal metabolic functions
the resting state expressed in METS
where 1 met=3.5ml/kg/min and exercise is the multiples of MET

Question 23

what factors effect metabolic rate?

Answer 23

age
muscle mass
level fitness
hormones
body size
body temperature

Question 24

why use mets?

Answer 24

Because it approximates kcals burnt ml/kg/hr
but velocity is always in m/min

Question 25

what are the metabolic equations?

Answer 25

Rest 1 met=3.5ml/kg/min
walking level
v02=0.1 xv+3.5
walking gradient
v02= (o.1 x v) + (1.8 x g x v) +3.5
valid for speeds up to 3.2mph

running gradient
v02=(0.2 x v)+ (0.9 x g x v) + 3.5
valid for speeds >5mph
running level
v02=0.2v+3.5

cycle ergometer
VO2 = (10.8xW)/BWT+ 7

convert hrs. to min 1/60
1km/1000m
velocity =m/min
km/h to 1000m/min

Question 26

relative v02 equation?

Question 27

What are ways of measuring EE?

Question 28

define v02?

Answer 28

Maximum amount of O2 which can be consumed by the working muscles per unit time by a person at a maximal work rate expressed in absolute (l/min) and relative (ml/kg/min. It can indicate the power of the aerobic system

Question 29

what factors influence vo2/

Answer 29

Mode of exercise
* Heredity
* State of training
* Sex
* Age
* Body size and composition