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Biological Processes > Energy Exam Review > Flashcards

Energy Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

where are chloroplast found?

A

not only in leaves of plants

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2
Q

if a part of a plant is green, that means that __

A

it is photosynthetic and it has chloroplasts

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3
Q

what is light energy made up of?

A

photons organized into waves

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4
Q

light energy is a type of ___

A

kinetic energy

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5
Q

__ is being created in the calvin cycle

A

sugar

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6
Q

cellular respiration does not happen in a ___

A

prokaryotic cell

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7
Q

why doesn’t cellular respiration not happen in a prokaryotic cell?

A

no mitochondria

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8
Q

sugar belongs to ___

A

mitochondria

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9
Q

where does the kreb’s cycle take place in the mitochondria?

A

matrix

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10
Q

where are hydrogen ions stored?

A

between inner and outer membrane of mitochondria

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11
Q

how many turns does it take to produce a molecule of glucose in the kreb’s cycle?

A

2

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12
Q

what is produced after every 2 turns in a kreb’s cycle?

A

glucose

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13
Q

___ is essential in cellular respiration

A

oxygen

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14
Q

fuels produced from plant and animal products

A

biofuels

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15
Q

what are the 3 fossil fuels?

A

coal, natural gas, and oil

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16
Q

produced from the decayed remind of plants and animals modified over millions of years by heat, pressure, and bacteria

A

fossil fuels

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17
Q

how are biofuels, fossil fuels, and food fuels chemically similar?

A

the energy from the sun is the source of the energy stored in the chemical bonds between the atoms of all these fuels

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18
Q

when we burn gas, what is broken down?

A

long chains of carbon & hydrogen atoms

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19
Q

when we burn gas, as bonds are broken, molecules with ___ bonds are formed

A

lower energy

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20
Q

when we burn gas, __ & __ are produced

A

water and carbon dioxide

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21
Q

___ is produced in a short amount of time

A

biofuels

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22
Q

___ is produced in millions of years

A

fossil fuels

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23
Q

photosynthesis

A

process by which plants capture energy from the sun and store it in chemical bonds of sugars

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24
Q

cellular respiration

A

process by which all living organism release the energy stored in the chemical bonds of food molecules & use it to fuel their lives

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25
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work, to move matter

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26
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy that is in motion

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27
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy base on location or structure

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28
Q

chemical energy

A

energy stored in chemical bonds

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29
Q

where is chemical energy stored?

A

in the bonds of chemical compounds (atoms and molecules)

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30
Q

is released in a chemical reaction, often producing heat as a by-product

A

exothermic reaction

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31
Q

some examples of stored chemical energy

A

batteries, biofuels, Petroleum, natural gas, and coal

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32
Q

once chemical energy is released from a substance, that substance is transformed into ___

A

an entirely new substance

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33
Q

dry wood is a store of __

A

chemical energy

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34
Q

what happens when dry wood burns in a fireplace?

A

chemical energy is released and converted to thermal energy (heat) and light energy

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35
Q

fossil fuels are ____ based materials

A

carbon

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36
Q

why are fossil fuels useful?

A

they contain stored chemical energy which is converted into large amounts of useful heat energy when the fuels are burned

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37
Q

how are fossil fuels formed?

A

1) organisms die in aquatic or swampy environments
2) bodies decompose anaerobically (without oxygen)
3) heat and pressure transform their remains into carbon-rich deposits

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38
Q

what 2 biofuels are seeing a rapid expansion globally?

A

ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and biodiesel

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39
Q

what are the 2 types of energy?

A

kinetic and potential

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40
Q

heat is a form of which type of energy?

A

kinetic energy

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41
Q

light is a form of which type of energy?

A

kinetic energy

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42
Q

chemical energy is a type of which energy?

A

potential energy

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43
Q

what is the process of kinetic energy to potential energy?

A

light energy from sun –> energy turns into heat –> chemical energy stored in plants

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44
Q

what is the process of potential energy to kinetic energy?

A

chemical energy stored in muscles and liver –> energy transformed into heat –> kinetic energy of forward motion

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45
Q

define thermodynamics

A

study of the transformation of energy from one type to another

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46
Q

define the first law of thermodynamics

A

energy can never be created nor destroyed. can only change from one form to another.

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47
Q

define the second law of thermodynamics

A

each energy transformed results in less usable, inefficient energy

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48
Q

ethanol is produced from the fermentation of ___ or ___

A

starches, sugars

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49
Q

biodiesel is made largely from ____

A

soybean

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50
Q

some energy is always converted to the least usable form of kinetic energy ___

A

heat

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51
Q

how do fuels provide energy?

A

the activities of living organisms are fueled by breaking chemical bonds harnessing the released energy

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52
Q

even though light energy from the sun carries energy, as do molecules of sugar, fat, and protein, what happens?

A

none of this energy can be used directly to fuel chemical reactions in organisms’ cells

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53
Q

atp is a simple molecule with how many components?

A

3

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54
Q

at the center of the ATP molecules are two components

A

sugar molecule ribose and adenine

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55
Q

why is the third components of ATP important?

A

makes it effective in carrying and storing energy for a short time

56
Q

what is attached to the sugar and adenine in ATP?

A

3 negatively charged phosphate groups

57
Q

what is the result of the instability of these high-energy bonds in ATP?

A

makes the 3 phosphate groups like a tightly coiled spring or twig that is bent almost to the point of breaking

58
Q

ATP = …

A

ADP + phosphate group + energy release

59
Q

cells cannot use light energy directly to do work

A

ATP molecules

60
Q

what has to happen first for ATP to work?

A

the energy has to be converted into chemical energy in ATP molecules

61
Q

what happens each time a cell expends one of its ATP molecules to pay for an energetically expensive reaction?

A

a phosphate is broken off and energy is released

62
Q

what is left of ATP when phosphate is broken off?

A

ADP

63
Q

what does ADP stand for ?

A

adenine diphosphate & a separate phosphate group (Pi)

64
Q

how does an organisms rebuild its ATP stocks?

A

by using ADP and an input of kinetic energy

65
Q

what happens when the free phosphate group attaches to the ADP molecule and makes ATP?

A

kinetic energy is converted to potential energy

66
Q

what are the 3 inputs to the process of photosynthesis

A

light, carbon dioxide, and water

67
Q

what are the 2 outputs of photosynthesis?

A

sugar and oxygen

68
Q

if a part of a plant is green, you know that…

A

it is photosynthetic

69
Q

what makes plants green?

A

chloroplast

70
Q

what are chloroplasts?

A

light harvesting organelles that make it possible for the plant to use the energy from sunlight to make sugars and other plant tissue

71
Q

what is the stroma?

A

fluid that fills the chloroplast

72
Q

what are thylakoids?

A

things that float in the stroma

73
Q

what is the job of thylakoids?

A

conversion of light energy to chemical energy. where “photo” part happens

74
Q

what is the job of stroma?

A

production of sugar & where the “synthesis” part happens

75
Q

where is chlorophyll found?

A

thylakoid

76
Q

what is the job of chlorophyll?

A

make the capture of light energy possible

77
Q

photosynthesis uses what to make food?

A

energy from sunlight

78
Q

what 2 events is best used to understand photosynthesis?

A

1) a “photo” segment during which light is captured

2) a “synthesis” segment during which sugar is made

79
Q

photosynthesis is powered by ___

A

light energy

80
Q

what kind of energy is light energy?

A

kinetic energy

81
Q

what are photons?

A

light energy made up of little energy packets organize into waves

82
Q

length of wave = …

A

amount of energy the photon contains

83
Q

the shorter the wavelength…

A

the more energy the light carries

84
Q

what is an electromagnetic spectrum?

A

the range of really short and really long wavelength and everything in between

85
Q

how are we able to see colors?

A

we have light absorbing molecules called pigments

86
Q

what are pigments?

A

they absorb wavelengths of light within the visible range

87
Q

what is chlorophyll?

A

the pigment molecule in plants that absorb light energy from the sun

88
Q

what are the 3 types of plant pigments?

A

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids

89
Q

what is the primary photosynthetic pigment?

A

chlorophyll a

90
Q

what does chlorophyll a absorb?

A

blue-violet and red wavelengths, thus green bounces off and we see green

91
Q

what does chlorophyll b absorb?

A

blue and red-orange wavelengths, thus we see yellow-green

92
Q

what does carotenoids absorb?

A

blue-violet and blue-green wavelengths, thus we see yellow, orange, and red

93
Q

an organism can use energy from the sun only if…

A

it can convert the light energy of the sun into the chemical energy in the bonds between atoms

94
Q

what is the most important molecule in energy conversion?

A

chlorophyll

95
Q

what happens when chlorophyll is hit by protons of certain wavelengths?

A

the light energy bumps an electron to a higher state

96
Q

what is the higher state that an electron is bumped up to known as?

A

excited state

97
Q

2 results of the higher energy state includes:

A

1) electrons can rest, releasing energy, and bump other electrons to a higher energy state
2) the excited electron itself is passed to another molecule

98
Q

what happens upon absorbing the photon in electron excitation?

A

the electron briefly gains energy and the potential energy in the chlorophyll molecule increases

99
Q

for chlorophyll a molecule, when electrons are boosted to an excited state, do they return to their unexcited state?

A

no

100
Q

3 step process in the “photo” part

A

1) sunlight is captured
2) stored in ATP and NADPH
3) stored energy by accepting high energy electrons

101
Q

chlorophyll a continually loses its excited electrons to a nearby molecule called

A

primary electron acceptor

102
Q

as long as photosynthesis is occurring, a constant supply of _____ is required

A

replacement electrons

103
Q

“the split process”

A

4 photons of light split 2 molecules of water into 4 electrons, 4 protons, and molecule of O2

104
Q

what does this split provide for chlorophyll a?

A

the electrons necessary to replenish their electron supply

105
Q

why is the splitting of water in photosynthesis so important?

A

oxygen is released from the cell which is a by product essential for life

106
Q

product #1 of the “photo” portion of photosynthesis

A

ATP

107
Q

product #2 o the “photo portion of photosynthesis

A

NADPH

108
Q

“synthesis” part / in detail

A

the captured energy of sunlight is used to make food

109
Q

“synthesis” part / in detail

A

the captured energy of sunlight is used to make food

110
Q

“synthesis” part of photosynthesis takes place where?

A

in the Calvin cycle

111
Q

all the calvin cycle reactions occur in the ___

A

stroma

112
Q

what does the calvin cycle do?

A

convert molecules of CO2 into sugar

113
Q

what are the 3 steps of the calvin cycle?

A

fixation, sugar creation, regeneration

114
Q

what occurs in fixation?

A

enzyme rubisco is used and plants pluck carbon from the air, where it occurs in the form of carbon dioxide and then “fixes” it to a visible molecule in the chloroplast

115
Q

for ever ___ carbon dioxide molecules added to the calvin cycle, 1 sugar phosphate is produced

A

3

116
Q

3 carbon sugar = …

A

glyceraldenyde 3 phosphate (G3P)

117
Q

what happens in regeneration?

A

molecules of G3P are used to regenerate the original organic molecule using energy from ATP

118
Q

overview of calvin cycle

A

carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere is attached (fixed) to molecules in the chloroplasts, sugars are built, and molecules are regenerated to be used again in the cycle

119
Q

small press on the underside of leaves

A

stomata

120
Q

what are the 3 steps of cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis, kreb’s cycle, election transportation chain

121
Q

glycolysis is the splitting of what?

A

sugar

122
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

in the cell’s cytoplasm

123
Q

cellular respiration occurs in all…

A

eukaryotic cells and animal cells

124
Q

what is required and regenerated in the process of cellular respiration?

A

ATP

125
Q

define cellular respiration

A

chemical process within the cell that converts the chemical energy of food into a form usable by the cell for mechanical, transport, or other chemical reactions

126
Q

what is required for cellular respiration?

A

glucose and oxygen

127
Q

mitochondria is found where?

A

in plant and animal cells

128
Q

regenerates energy containing molecules ATP

A

mitochondria

129
Q

glucose = …

A

6-carbon molecule

130
Q

input of glycolysis

A

glucose, 2 ATP, and 2 NAD+

131
Q

output of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate molecules, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

132
Q

what are the 3 general outcomes of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

new molecule is formed, high-energy electron carriers are made and carbon dioxide is exhaled, the starting material of the Kreb’s cycle is re-formed, ATP is generated, and more high energy electron carriers are formed.

133
Q

how many turns of Kreb’s cycle are necessary to completely dismantle our original molecule of glucose?

A

2

134
Q

where does the Kreb’s cycle take place?

A

Mitochondria

135
Q

where does electron transport chain take place?

A

cristae of mitochondria

136
Q

what happens when pyruvate accepts electrons?

A

forms lactic acid

Biological Processes (2 decks)

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