Energy Exam Review Flashcards
1
Q
where are chloroplast found?
A
not only in leaves of plants
2
Q
if a part of a plant is green, that means that __
A
it is photosynthetic and it has chloroplasts
3
Q
what is light energy made up of?
A
photons organized into waves
4
Q
light energy is a type of ___
A
kinetic energy
5
Q
__ is being created in the calvin cycle
A
sugar
6
Q
cellular respiration does not happen in a ___
A
prokaryotic cell
7
Q
why doesn’t cellular respiration not happen in a prokaryotic cell?
A
no mitochondria
8
Q
sugar belongs to ___
A
mitochondria
9
Q
where does the kreb’s cycle take place in the mitochondria?
A
matrix
10
Q
where are hydrogen ions stored?
A
between inner and outer membrane of mitochondria
11
Q
how many turns does it take to produce a molecule of glucose in the kreb’s cycle?
A
2
12
Q
what is produced after every 2 turns in a kreb’s cycle?
A
glucose
13
Q
___ is essential in cellular respiration
A
oxygen
14
Q
fuels produced from plant and animal products
A
biofuels
15
Q
what are the 3 fossil fuels?
A
coal, natural gas, and oil
16
Q
produced from the decayed remind of plants and animals modified over millions of years by heat, pressure, and bacteria
A
fossil fuels
17
Q
how are biofuels, fossil fuels, and food fuels chemically similar?
A
the energy from the sun is the source of the energy stored in the chemical bonds between the atoms of all these fuels
18
Q
when we burn gas, what is broken down?
A
long chains of carbon & hydrogen atoms
19
Q
when we burn gas, as bonds are broken, molecules with ___ bonds are formed
A
lower energy
20
Q
when we burn gas, __ & __ are produced
A
water and carbon dioxide
21
Q
___ is produced in a short amount of time
A
biofuels
22
Q
___ is produced in millions of years
A
fossil fuels
23
Q
photosynthesis
A
process by which plants capture energy from the sun and store it in chemical bonds of sugars
24
Q
cellular respiration
A
process by which all living organism release the energy stored in the chemical bonds of food molecules & use it to fuel their lives
25
energy
the capacity to do work, to move matter
26
kinetic energy
energy that is in motion
27
potential energy
stored energy base on location or structure
28
chemical energy
energy stored in chemical bonds
29
where is chemical energy stored?
in the bonds of chemical compounds (atoms and molecules)
30
is released in a chemical reaction, often producing heat as a by-product
exothermic reaction
31
some examples of stored chemical energy
batteries, biofuels, Petroleum, natural gas, and coal
32
once chemical energy is released from a substance, that substance is transformed into ___
an entirely new substance
33
dry wood is a store of __
chemical energy
34
what happens when dry wood burns in a fireplace?
chemical energy is released and converted to thermal energy (heat) and light energy
35
fossil fuels are ____ based materials
carbon
36
why are fossil fuels useful?
they contain stored chemical energy which is converted into large amounts of useful heat energy when the fuels are burned
37
how are fossil fuels formed?
1) organisms die in aquatic or swampy environments
2) bodies decompose anaerobically (without oxygen)
3) heat and pressure transform their remains into carbon-rich deposits
38
what 2 biofuels are seeing a rapid expansion globally?
ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and biodiesel
39
what are the 2 types of energy?
kinetic and potential
40
heat is a form of which type of energy?
kinetic energy
41
light is a form of which type of energy?
kinetic energy
42
chemical energy is a type of which energy?
potential energy
43
what is the process of kinetic energy to potential energy?
light energy from sun --> energy turns into heat --> chemical energy stored in plants
44
what is the process of potential energy to kinetic energy?
chemical energy stored in muscles and liver --> energy transformed into heat --> kinetic energy of forward motion
45
define thermodynamics
study of the transformation of energy from one type to another
46
define the first law of thermodynamics
energy can never be created nor destroyed. can only change from one form to another.
47
define the second law of thermodynamics
each energy transformed results in less usable, inefficient energy
48
ethanol is produced from the fermentation of ___ or ___
starches, sugars
49
biodiesel is made largely from ____
soybean
50
some energy is always converted to the least usable form of kinetic energy ___
heat
51
how do fuels provide energy?
the activities of living organisms are fueled by breaking chemical bonds harnessing the released energy
52
even though light energy from the sun carries energy, as do molecules of sugar, fat, and protein, what happens?
none of this energy can be used directly to fuel chemical reactions in organisms' cells
53
atp is a simple molecule with how many components?
3
54
at the center of the ATP molecules are two components
sugar molecule ribose and adenine
55
why is the third components of ATP important?
makes it effective in carrying and storing energy for a short time
56
what is attached to the sugar and adenine in ATP?
3 negatively charged phosphate groups
57
what is the result of the instability of these high-energy bonds in ATP?
makes the 3 phosphate groups like a tightly coiled spring or twig that is bent almost to the point of breaking
58
ATP = ...
ADP + phosphate group + energy release
59
cells cannot use light energy directly to do work
ATP molecules
60
what has to happen first for ATP to work?
the energy has to be converted into chemical energy in ATP molecules
61
what happens each time a cell expends one of its ATP molecules to pay for an energetically expensive reaction?
a phosphate is broken off and energy is released
62
what is left of ATP when phosphate is broken off?
ADP
63
what does ADP stand for ?
adenine diphosphate & a separate phosphate group (Pi)
64
how does an organisms rebuild its ATP stocks?
by using ADP and an input of kinetic energy
65
what happens when the free phosphate group attaches to the ADP molecule and makes ATP?
kinetic energy is converted to potential energy
66
what are the 3 inputs to the process of photosynthesis
light, carbon dioxide, and water
67
what are the 2 outputs of photosynthesis?
sugar and oxygen
68
if a part of a plant is green, you know that...
it is photosynthetic
69
what makes plants green?
chloroplast
70
what are chloroplasts?
light harvesting organelles that make it possible for the plant to use the energy from sunlight to make sugars and other plant tissue
71
what is the stroma?
fluid that fills the chloroplast
72
what are thylakoids?
things that float in the stroma
73
what is the job of thylakoids?
conversion of light energy to chemical energy. where "photo" part happens
74
what is the job of stroma?
production of sugar & where the "synthesis" part happens
75
where is chlorophyll found?
thylakoid
76
what is the job of chlorophyll?
make the capture of light energy possible
77
photosynthesis uses what to make food?
energy from sunlight
78
what 2 events is best used to understand photosynthesis?
1) a "photo" segment during which light is captured
| 2) a "synthesis" segment during which sugar is made
79
photosynthesis is powered by ___
light energy
80
what kind of energy is light energy?
kinetic energy
81
what are photons?
light energy made up of little energy packets organize into waves
82
length of wave = ...
amount of energy the photon contains
83
the shorter the wavelength...
the more energy the light carries
84
what is an electromagnetic spectrum?
the range of really short and really long wavelength and everything in between
85
how are we able to see colors?
we have light absorbing molecules called pigments
86
what are pigments?
they absorb wavelengths of light within the visible range
87
what is chlorophyll?
the pigment molecule in plants that absorb light energy from the sun
88
what are the 3 types of plant pigments?
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids
89
what is the primary photosynthetic pigment?
chlorophyll a
90
what does chlorophyll a absorb?
blue-violet and red wavelengths, thus green bounces off and we see green
91
what does chlorophyll b absorb?
blue and red-orange wavelengths, thus we see yellow-green
92
what does carotenoids absorb?
blue-violet and blue-green wavelengths, thus we see yellow, orange, and red
93
an organism can use energy from the sun only if...
it can convert the light energy of the sun into the chemical energy in the bonds between atoms
94
what is the most important molecule in energy conversion?
chlorophyll
95
what happens when chlorophyll is hit by protons of certain wavelengths?
the light energy bumps an electron to a higher state
96
what is the higher state that an electron is bumped up to known as?
excited state
97
2 results of the higher energy state includes:
1) electrons can rest, releasing energy, and bump other electrons to a higher energy state
2) the excited electron itself is passed to another molecule
98
what happens upon absorbing the photon in electron excitation?
the electron briefly gains energy and the potential energy in the chlorophyll molecule increases
99
for chlorophyll a molecule, when electrons are boosted to an excited state, do they return to their unexcited state?
no
100
3 step process in the "photo" part
1) sunlight is captured
2) stored in ATP and NADPH
3) stored energy by accepting high energy electrons
101
chlorophyll a continually loses its excited electrons to a nearby molecule called
primary electron acceptor
102
as long as photosynthesis is occurring, a constant supply of _____ is required
replacement electrons
103
"the split process"
4 photons of light split 2 molecules of water into 4 electrons, 4 protons, and molecule of O2
104
what does this split provide for chlorophyll a?
the electrons necessary to replenish their electron supply
105
why is the splitting of water in photosynthesis so important?
oxygen is released from the cell which is a by product essential for life
106
product #1 of the "photo" portion of photosynthesis
ATP
107
product #2 o the "photo portion of photosynthesis
NADPH
108
"synthesis" part / in detail
the captured energy of sunlight is used to make food
109
"synthesis" part / in detail
the captured energy of sunlight is used to make food
110
"synthesis" part of photosynthesis takes place where?
in the Calvin cycle
111
all the calvin cycle reactions occur in the ___
stroma
112
what does the calvin cycle do?
convert molecules of CO2 into sugar
113
what are the 3 steps of the calvin cycle?
fixation, sugar creation, regeneration
114
what occurs in fixation?
enzyme rubisco is used and plants pluck carbon from the air, where it occurs in the form of carbon dioxide and then "fixes" it to a visible molecule in the chloroplast
115
for ever ___ carbon dioxide molecules added to the calvin cycle, 1 sugar phosphate is produced
3
116
3 carbon sugar = ...
glyceraldenyde 3 phosphate (G3P)
117
what happens in regeneration?
molecules of G3P are used to regenerate the original organic molecule using energy from ATP
118
overview of calvin cycle
carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere is attached (fixed) to molecules in the chloroplasts, sugars are built, and molecules are regenerated to be used again in the cycle
119
small press on the underside of leaves
stomata
120
what are the 3 steps of cellular respiration?
glycolysis, kreb's cycle, election transportation chain
121
glycolysis is the splitting of what?
sugar
122
where does glycolysis occur?
in the cell's cytoplasm
123
cellular respiration occurs in all...
eukaryotic cells and animal cells
124
what is required and regenerated in the process of cellular respiration?
ATP
125
define cellular respiration
chemical process within the cell that converts the chemical energy of food into a form usable by the cell for mechanical, transport, or other chemical reactions
126
what is required for cellular respiration?
glucose and oxygen
127
mitochondria is found where?
in plant and animal cells
128
regenerates energy containing molecules ATP
mitochondria
129
glucose = ...
6-carbon molecule
130
input of glycolysis
glucose, 2 ATP, and 2 NAD+
131
output of glycolysis
2 pyruvate molecules, 4 ATP, 2 NADH
132
what are the 3 general outcomes of the Kreb's cycle?
new molecule is formed, high-energy electron carriers are made and carbon dioxide is exhaled, the starting material of the Kreb's cycle is re-formed, ATP is generated, and more high energy electron carriers are formed.
133
how many turns of Kreb's cycle are necessary to completely dismantle our original molecule of glucose?
2
134
where does the Kreb's cycle take place?
Mitochondria
135
where does electron transport chain take place?
cristae of mitochondria
136
what happens when pyruvate accepts electrons?
forms lactic acid
