Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biological Processes > Biology Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Biology Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

what is DNA?

A

nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DNA consists of individual units call…

A

nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 3 units of a nucleotide?

A

molecule of sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous containing molecule base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

DNA bases are connected with what?

A

hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what us a full set of DNA present in an individual called?

A

genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

in prokaryotic cells including bacteria, DNA is…

A

contained within circular pieces of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

in eukaryotes including humans, information in the DNA is…

A

laid out in long linear strands of DNA in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

eukaryotic DNA exists as many smaller, more manageable pieces called

A

chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how many chromosomes do we have?

A

46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the location or position of a gene on a chromosome is called what?

A

locus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a gene?

A

a sequence of base pairs in a DNA molecule that carry the information necessary for producing a functional product, usually a polypeptide or RNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

each gene is the instruction set for producing one particular molecule usually what?

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are alleles?

A

alternative versions of a gene that code for the same feature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a trait?

A

any single characteristic or feature of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

example of allele and genes and traits

A

The color of a daisy’s petals is a trait. the instructions for producing this trait are many different alleles; one allele may specify the trait of red pedals, another may specify white petals, another yellow petals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 2 types of nucleic acid?

A

DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what plays a central role at producing of proteins?

A

DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

in what type of organism do we find the most “junk DNA?

A

bacteria and viruses tend to have very little non-coding DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is hydrogen bonding?

A

chemical attraction in which an electronegative atom (oxygen,nitrogen) of one molecule is attracted to a hydrogen atom of another molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the nucleic acids of DNA and RNA are macromolecules that…

A

store information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does RNA differ from DNA?

A
  • the sugar phosphate bone contains an extra atom of oxygen
  • RNA is single stranded
  • A, U, G, C
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are introns?

A

where about 25% of the non-coding regions occur within genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where do 75% of non-coding regions occur?

A

between genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a genotype?

A

genes that an organism carries for a particular trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is phenotype?

A

the physical appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does a gene affect the phenotype?

A

the process occurs in two main steps: transcription and translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what happens in transcription?

A

a copy of gene’s base sequence is made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what happens in translation?

A

the copy is used to direct the production of a polypeptide which then in response to a variety of factors, including cellular environment, folds into a functional protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

in transcription, the gene’s sequence is copied from DNA to a molecule called what?

A

mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

in translation, the gene’s sequence is now encoded in mRNA, which directs the production of a what?

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

where does transcription occur for eukaryotes?

A

in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where does transcription occur for prokaryotes?

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what happens after transcription?

A

the mRNA then moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where translation allows the message encoded in the mRNA to be used to build proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what happens in transcription?

A

1) the enzyme RNA polymerase recognizes a promoter site. RNA polymerase binds to the DNA molecule at the promoter site and unwinds it just a bit, so that only one strand of the DNA can be read.
2) RNA polymerase builds a copy called “transcript”. This copy is called mRNA. Throughout, DNA is unwound ahead of the RNA polymerase so that a single strand of DNA can be read
3) when the RNA polymerase encounters a sequence of bases on the DNA at the end of the gene, it stops creating the transcript and detaches from the DNA molecule. after termination, the mRNA molecule is released as a free-floating, single stranded copy of DNA
4) a cap and tail are added for protection and to promote recognition and non-coding sections are removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is a promoter site?

A

a sequence in a gene that indicates the start of the gene and in effect tells the RNA polymerase to start

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

why is mRNA called mRNA?

A

because once this copy of the gene is created, it can move elsewhere in the cell and its message can be translated into a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

when does translation process begin?

A

once the mRNA molecule has moved out of the cell’s nucleus and into the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is necessary for translation to occur?

A

large numbers of free amino acids & ribosomal subunits

39
Q

what are ribosomal subunits?

A

components of ribosomes, the protein-production factories where amino acids are linked together in the proper order to produce the protein

40
Q

what is tRNA?

A

molecules that interpret the mRNA code

41
Q

how many possible codons are there?

A

64

42
Q

what happens in translation?

A

1) the start sequence AUG is recognized by tRNA molecule and 2 ribosomal subunits
2) ribosome moves along mRNA

43
Q

the codon to start in translation is always what?

A

AUG

44
Q

what is gene expression?

A

only thing that matters when carrying a gene; the production of the protein that the gene’s sequence codes for

45
Q

what is gene regulation?

A

whether a gene is turned on - producing its protein product - or turned off

46
Q

cytoplasm contains specialized structures called what?

A

organelles

47
Q

a human has how many genes?

A

30,000 - 35,000

48
Q

the average gene size is what?

A

3,000 bases

49
Q

genes make up less than how much of DNA?

A

5%

50
Q

where do introns occur?

A

within genes

51
Q

how do genes work?

A

transcription - copy of a gene’s base sequence is made

translation - copy is used to direct the production of a protein

52
Q

what happens after completion of translation?

A

mRNA strand may remain in the cytoplasm

53
Q

where are mRNA strands eventually broken down after translation?

A

cytoplasm

54
Q

what are the termination stops?

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

55
Q

where are telomeres located?

A

at the tip of every chromosome

56
Q

what is the function of telomeres?

A

keeps track of how many times the cell has divided & acts like a protective cap at the end of the DNA

57
Q

for what is telomere rebuilding essential?

A

single-celled organisms and reproductive cells

58
Q

why can telomere rebuilding be a big problem?

A

the cells are unable to stop dividing. such cells commonly go by another name: cancer

59
Q

where do prokaryotic cells carry their genetic information?

A

in a single, circular chromosome

60
Q

what is the chromosome strand of a prokaryotic cell attached to?

A

cell membrane

61
Q

what methods do prokaryotes use to reproduce?

A

binary fission - “division in two”

62
Q

what is the first step to cell division?

A

replication –> creates exact duplicate of each chromosome

63
Q

what happens in prokaryotic cell division?

A

1) chromosomes attach to the inside of the plasma membrane at different spots
2) parent cell pinches it until it divides into 2 cells aka daughter cells
3) binary fission considered asexual reproduction because the daughter cells inherit DNA from a single parent cell and are genetically identical to the parent

64
Q

what are the 2 types of cells?

A

somatic and reproductive cells

65
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of DNA and what?

A

chromatin

66
Q

somatic cells go through __ and reproductive cells go through ___

A

mitosis; meiosis

67
Q

the eukaryotic cell cycle

A

G1: growth phase. A cell grows and carries out its normal cellular functions

S: cell replicates its DNA in preparation for next division

G2: growth and preparation for division

M: mitotic phase; cell divides DNA and all organelles then splits into 2 daughter cells

68
Q

apoptosis = ?

A

cell death

69
Q

WBCs engulf vesicles through the process called ___

A

phagocytosis

70
Q

replication begins where?

A

origin of replication where the DNA unwinds and separates into 2 strands like a zipper

71
Q

what is the enzyme at the origin of DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase

72
Q

what is mitosis responsible for?

A

growth and replacement of old and damaged cells

73
Q

where does the most rapid cell division take place?

A

bone marrow and in the cells lining like tissues and organs

74
Q

what happens during S-phsae of interphase?

A

sister chromatids are formed

75
Q

each pair of sister chromatids are held at the center by what?

A

centromere

76
Q

how many homologous chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

77
Q

steps of mitosis

A

1) interphase: chromosomes replicate in preparation for mitosis
2) prophase: pair up!
3) metaphase: chromosomes meet in the middle. long microtubules attach to each chromatid at the kinetochore
4) anaphase: chromosomes get pulled apart
5) telophase: now there are 2 chromosomes

78
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

driving of the cytoplasm

79
Q

what is meiosis?

A

process that enables organisms, prior to fertilization, to make special reproductive cells called gametes

80
Q

how many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

half as many as the rest of the cells in the body

81
Q

what does meiosis do to each individuals genome?

A

reduce it by half

82
Q

how many chromosomes can gametes have?

A

23 chromosomes

83
Q

what is a diploid?

A

refers to cells that have 2 copies of each chromosome

84
Q

what is a haploid?

A

refers to cells that have one copy of each chromosome

85
Q

what are the 2 important outcomes of meiosis?

A

1) it reduces the amount of genetic material in gametes

2) it produces gametes that all differ from each other with respect to the combinations of alleles they carry

86
Q

what does asexual reproduction result in?

A

identical offspring because of type of replication

87
Q

where does meiosis take place?

A

gonads

88
Q

where does mitosis take place?

A

all over the body`

89
Q

what happens in prophase 1?

A

where crossing over takes place

90
Q

interphase occurs first,meiosis 1 (separate homologous pairs), meiosis 2 (separate sister chromatids)

A

.

91
Q

what happens in anaphase 1?

A

where random assortment occurs

92
Q

where do the sources of genetic variation come from?

A

2 gametes

93
Q

what is the sexual reproduction advantage?

A

introduces greater variance

Biological Processes (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions