Energy Crisis lecture 3 Flashcards
Cost of SE4ALL
IEA estimated 2010 $36bn per year is needed to achieve target of universal access to modern energy services by 2030
To meet all targets, need $1.8 trillion per year
Provides no definitions Of sustainable/ clean energy
All it promises to help have not been involved at all
Suggestions are opposed by those who are directly affected
Clean development mechanism
Allow a country with an emission reduction or emission limitation commitment under KP to implement emission reduction projects in developing countries
Can earn Certified emission reduction credits
Proposed by Brazil to help developing counties access low carbon tech
Carbon trading tool polluters purchase emission reductions
Cleaner projects become economically viable
CDM is a mechanism that allows polluters to avoid binding emissions reductions in one location while shifting emissions to another location
CDM 2
Almost 80% of all CDM projects are in India and China two countries with more than enough resources to invest in clean renewable energy
SSA barley registers CDM project statistics, done little to assist poor
NGO concerns about inclusion of large HEP scheme as CDM projects- argue unsustainable- some coal fired stations are also registered with CDM
Renewable energy from bottom up
Lighting a billion lives- campaign in Delhi to provide clean lighting through solar
Provide high quality and cost effective solar lamps In villages with no access to grid
Managed through local entrepreneurs trained under this initiative
Towards low carbon development
No internationalism agreed definition of LCD growth through economy wide decarbonisation consumption or production related policy measures
LCD differs between countries that have high fossil fuel resources and those which don’t
Countries with high- promote cleaner methods low- emphasise fossil fuels
Green economy
Production side of economy and how good and services can be produced with Lower emissions
Main focus on mitigation through adaption
Green lifestyles
Consumption side of growing economy and customers ability to reduce emissions climate friendly products
Focus equally on mitigation and adaptation
Equilibrium economy
Production side of an economy and aims at development rather than growth
Mitigation through adaptation
Coexistence with nature
Focuses on the consumption side of an economy and aims at development rather than growth no decoupling is necessary as growth is neutral
Toward LCD
No explicit pro-poor concern or consideration of equity in the current LCD debate Can benefit poor as offers- An alternative to fossil fuel Increased energy security Sustainable use of forests and land Green jobs Local participation
Each country needs to chart its own energy trans motion pathway into future
Energy Transitions and low carbon development
Socio-technical transitions in energy systems typically focused on Europe and NA
Socio-technical system as constellations of technologies social networks markets institutions and public policy regulations
Energy Transitions & Low Carbon Development
many models of energy transition are often ‘top-down’ & overlook the role of indigenous knowledge or ignore the importance of local context
assumptions about the nature of state capacity or the organisation of markets, neglect of the socio-spatial variation of transition processes
process of technological innovation & transfer in the Global South often assumes that flows of knowledge, finance & capacity are based around North-South interactions or are unilinear
Such assumptions are being unsettled by the rise of China, India & Brazil as ‘new development donors’, growing importance of ‘South-South’ co-operation around low carbon energy
Rising Powers
The involvement of Rising Powers in clean energy systems in sub-Saharan Africa is often obscured by popular images of resource- and land-grabs
the role of the Rising Powers as new ‘shapers of development’ tends to focus on their exploitative acquisition of natural resources like oil or coal
Less regard for their potential significance in reconfiguring African energy systems or in framing the conception of ‘low carbon development’ in Africa
China in Africa
China’s involvement with large hydropower projects in Africa
China as world’s largest producer of wind turbines, photovoltaic cells, solar water heaters & small hydropower plants, Chinese co-operation around clean coal technologies
Rising Powers 2
Steady increase in 3 specific capacities:
as exporters of renewable energy equipment (e.g. wind turbines, solar panels, biofuels production technologies)
as investors in local equipment manufacturing (e.g. ethanol or solar water heater manufacturing plants)
as financiers & builders of renewable energy generation (e.g. wind farms, HEP plants)
Socio-technical transitions in Southern Africa
the roles China, India & Brazil are playing in facilitating the transition to low carbon energy systems in SSA (Mozambique & South Africa as case studies)
Alongside this however China & India both import coal from South Africa (& increasing volumes from Mozambique), significant Brazilian investment in Mozambique’s coal industry
recent offshore gas discoveries in Mozambique
More than 80% of Mozambique’s population is ‘off-grid’, 21.1% have access to electricity, 75% access in South Africa (up from 30% in 1994)
Mozambique’s export driven power sector, large scale power projects to sell power to the Southern Africa Power Pool (SAPP) & provide cheap power to industrial consumers
Mphanda Nkuwa HEP, US$2.4bn provided by China’s EXIM bank, to be built by Brazilian firm Camargo Corrêa
1,500MW of electricity created (Mozambique currently has a capacity of 2,226MW)
About 1,400 people would be displaced by the project and 200,000 subsistence farmers’ livelihoods would be threatened
Socio-technical transitions in Southern Africa 2
Mozambique shipped locally grown & processed jatropha oil to Brazil for the first time in 2010, China’s growing interest in Mozambique’s biofuels sector
In South Africa, India’s largest private power utility Tata Power Co formed a partnership with Exxaro (SA’s second largest coal producer) to develop and operate renewable energy projects, major import of Suzlon wind turbines
Solar lanterns & charging stations from India’s Lighting a Billion Lives project in both Mozambique & South Africa
Chinese private firms such as the LongYuan power group & Yingli Solar playing an increasing role in supplying RETs to both Mozambique & South Africa
involvement of Chinese & Indian SMEs in the import & sale of cheap RETs (e.g. solar water heaters/cookers, PV panels)
Chinese assistance with small-scale ‘off-grid’ energy solutions in South Africa (although mostly focused on industrial needs, e.g. mines)
Mozambique’s first solar photovoltaic module manufacturing plant opened October 2014, funded by US$13 million credit line from Export-Import bank of India, tendering only open to Indian firms
