Energy Balance, Weight, & Health - Chapter 9 Flashcards

Question

What radiographic method is used to assess body composition?

Answer 1

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).

Answer 2

Total body fatness, fat distribution, and bone density.

Answer 3

Body Mass Index

Answer 4

Adults over 20 years.

Answer 5

Weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared BMI= weight (kg)/height (m)2

Answer 6

- < 18.5 - Underweight - 18.5 - 24.9 - Healthy weight - 25 - 29.9 - Overweight - 30 - 34.9 - Obese class 1 - 35 - 39.9 - Obese class 2 - > 40 - Obese class 3

Answer 7

It increases at very low and very high BMI levels.

Answer 8

There is not much change in risk.

Answer 9

There is a significant decrease in risk.

Answer 10

Because it provides a quick and simple estimate of body weight relative to height.

Answer 11

It can misclassify people in larger bodies as “not healthy” and people in smaller bodies as “healthy,” even if their actual health status does not match these classifications.

Answer 12

It does not account for factors like muscle mass, fat distribution, or overall fitness.

Answer 13

They gave up soda and started walking together for 30 minutes in the evening instead of watching TV.

Answer 14

John lost 10 pounds in 2 months, but Linda's weight did not change.

Answer 15

No, health improvements can occur through better habits like regular exercise and dietary changes, regardless of weight change.

Answer 16

Not necessarily—both may have improved their health through lifestyle changes, even if Linda’s weight didn’t change.

Answer 17

- Genetics - Age - Hormones - Some Medications - Some Medical Conditions - Family habits and culture - Social Determinants of Health - Many others

Answer 18

A broad range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that determine individual and population health

Answer 19

1. Income and social status 2. Employment and working conditions 3. Education and literacy 4. Childhood experiences 5. Physical Environments 6. Social supports and coping skills 7. Healthy behaviors 8. Access to health services 9. Biology and genetic endowment 10. Gender 11. Culture 12. Race / Racism

Answer 20

Differences in the health status of individuals and groups

Answer 21

- Health inequalities that are unfair or unjust and modifiable - Example: - Canadians who live in remote or northern regions do not have the same access to nutritious foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables as other Canadians

Answer 22

- Diets don’t work and can be harmful; many will report weight regain after dieting - Dieting results in: - Lower metabolism; we store fat more easily from eating fewer calories - Increased hunger and food cravings - Decreased attention span, fatigue, irritability - Decreased muscle mass - Poor nutritional intake - Feeling "obsessed" or fixated on food - Feelings of failure; reduced self-esteem - Consumer’s Corner: Fad Diets

Answer 23

- Mortality / risk of death - Risk of coronary heart disease, heart attack and stroke - Risk of type 2 diabetes - Risk of some types of cancer - Risk of osteoporotic fractures - Blood pressure - Likelihood of over-eating in stressful situations (Polivy, 1996) - Weight independent of BMI and age - Inflammation - Likelihood of binge eating - Emotional distress

Answer 24

- Immune function - Metabolic rate - Physical activity (secondary to fatigue, lack of energy, etc.) - Muscle mass - Self-esteem

Answer 25

- Eat well (eating enough, variety) - Be active - Good sleep - Stress management - Quit smoking - Have fun (social connection) - See your doctor

Answer 26

- To improve their habits - Manage a disease or condition - Feel better (emotionally or physically) - Build resilience and self-compassion Health is not perfect

Answer 27

- More energy - Improved stress management - Better sleep - Improved digestion - Good role modeling for others - Reduced fatty liver - Lower blood sugar, cholesterol & blood pressure - Prevention of diabetes, heart attack, stroke - Longer life and better quality of life

Answer 28

- Moving towards meaningful change: - Desires: What do you want to do? - Abilities: How confident are you? - Reasons: Why does it matter to you? - Need: What do you need (resources) in order to act?

Answer 29

1. Weight Normative 2. Weight Inclusive

Answer 30

Promoting Weight-Neutral Approaches to Obesity and Reducing Weight Stigma

Answer 31

- People are expected to be one size (dominant group defines) - Goal is to attain the size defined as worthy/ideal - If some people must maintain restriction/hunger to maintain lower weight, that is prescribed - If some people need to organize their lives around maintaining weight suppression, that is prescribed

Answer 32

- People are expected to be a range of sizes (recognition that dominant group is not “standard” for humans) - Goal is to accommodate the needs of people of all sizes - No one is expected to be hungry and all sizes are prescribed adequate nutrition - No one is expected to sacrifice major quality of life activities in order to organize themselves around weight suppression

Answer 33

- People who differ from normative size have a “disease” i.e., require explanation - Fat tissue/weight is the focus of change and presumed to be the most powerful factor for better health

Answer 34

- Eventual body size might be the outcome of processes that can be normal or not, but no body size alone is inherently healthy or unhealthy - How people are treated and determinants of health are the focus of change and presumed to be the most power factors

Answer 35

Thinness is historically associated with goodness and social power, reflecting fat-phobic values.

Answer 36

They often face overt and covert poor treatment due to weight bias.

Answer 37

It can create body-related shame and stress, leading to healthcare avoidance, particularly in women.

Answer 38

Weight stigma → body-related shame → healthcare stress → avoidance

Answer 39

Accept and respect weight diversity

Answer 40

Improve and equalize access to information and services, and personal practices that improve human well-being

Answer 41

Acknowledge our biases and work to end weight discrimination, weight stigma, and weight bias

Answer 42

1. Do you spend most of your day thinking about food and your body? 2. Avoid meals, restrict certain foods, binge eat, or purge after eating? 3. Feel guilty or out of control when eating? 4. Think that life will only be good if an ideal weight is achieved? 5. If you answer yes to any combination of these, you may have an eating disorder or be exhibiting disordered eating behaviours

Answer 43

- May vary - People who have eating disorders come in all shapes and sizes - Many have been dismissed because they appear to “look fine” - Don’t underestimate an eating disorder simply because of someone’s body size or shape - Eating disorders affect people of all genders and all ages - It is the behaviours, thoughts, and feelings that dictate the severity of the eating disorder

Answer 44

- Eat very little - Only eat certain foods or have many “food rules” - Eat much larger than average amounts of food in a short amount of time - Eliminate certain foods or entire food groups - See foods as ‘good’ or ‘bad’ or ‘healthy’ or ‘unhealthy’ - Eat only in private, or alone - Vomit or use laxatives to get rid of food and lessen anxiety about eating or weight gain - Buy foods just for a binge - Think about food constantly, including planning what to eat or not eat - Extreme or compulsive exercise

Answer 45

- Ask for opinions from other people about their size (“Do you think I’m fat?”) or eating habits (“Did I eat too much?”) - Spend more time in private - Exercise alone - Stop doing activities or avoiding social gatherings if food is involved - Avoid situations where others might see their body, like swimming or changing clothes in a communal change area - Exercise even when they are sick, hurt, or very tired - Exercise or eat at atypical times like in the middle of the night when others are sleeping

Answer 46

- Eating food they consider ‘bad’ will make them gain weight immediately - Missing a workout will immediately change the shape or size of their body - Life would be different if they had the ‘right body’ - Thinness or fitness is extremely important, no matter what their actual body size - Their behaviour is normal or healthy; others may feel the opposite – that they are ‘crazy’ or ‘messed up’

Answer 47

- Athletes: e.g., weight-dependent sports - Female athlete triad: disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis - Seen in sports where weight is important (dancing, gymnastics, figure skating) - Males can also experience (e.g., wrestling)

Answer 48

- Obsession with thinness and intense fear of weight gain. - Eating very little, resisting hunger, and seeing their bodies as larger than they are. - May have ritualistic eating or exercising behaviors.

Answer 49

- Think about food or plan meals constantly but avoid eating. - Cook for others but don’t eat what they make. - Exercise excessively, even when sick or tired. - Avoid food-related gatherings, eat alone, and conceal weight loss with layers or baggy clothes. - Frequently weigh or measure themselves, hide the severity of their behaviors, and cut out specific foods or food groups.

Answer 50

Anorexia has the highest death rate of any mental illness. It rarely goes away without treatment. The longer behaviours go untreated, the harder it can be to change

Answer 51

- Heart failure - Hair loss - Dry skin - Loss of menstrual periods - Digestive issues (gas, bloat, abdominal pain) - Weakness - Dizziness - Tiredness - Growth of downy hair on the body (lanugo)

Answer 52

- People with bulimia nervosa: - Will try to restrict their food intake in some way - They then eat and feel extremely guilty, often eating much more than they intend to - Out of control eating is called binge eating - After a binge, people with bulimia try to get rid of the calories by vomiting, using laxatives, or exercising excessively

Answer 53

- Feel extremely guilty and ashamed of their behaviour - Have histories of dieting - Find that bingeing and purging helps calm them - Feel intensely anxious if they have eaten and cannot purge

Answer 54

- Visit a bathroom after eating; they may run the water or take a shower so others don’t hear them vomiting - Seem to prefer one washroom, like a basement washroom with more privacy - Many people with bulimia hide their behaviour because they fear being judged by others - Often do not appear outwardly ill so others may not notice their behaviour

Answer 55

- Heart and kidney problems - Electrolyte imbalance - Damage to the mouth, throat or teeth - Gum problems - Chest pain - Muscle cramps - Fatigue - Laxative use can lead to dependence, as well as bowel damage and dehydration

Answer 56

- Almost all people with binge eating disorder have a history of dieting - They may have grown up in a larger body than considered desirable and felt pressure to be smaller - After dieting for some time, the body’s natural response is to want food

Answer 57

- For some, this leads to binge eating - Dieting is not a solution, and in fact can make the problem worse - It reinforces the shame people have about their bodies

Answer 58

- Eat a large amount of food in a short period of time - May eat very quickly - Feel very ashamed of their bodies - May eat alone - Often have weight cycling (weight has gone up and down over time)

Answer 59

- Usually feel very guilty and ashamed of binge eating - Do not use vomiting, compulsive exercise, or laxatives to try to control their weight - Feel out of control during binges - May plan their binges, or it may feel more spontaneous, for example, eating dinner, having dessert, then feeling unable to stop eating

Answer 60

- Many people with binge eating disorder plan to diet through the day, then find themselves very hungry in the evening, and end up bingeing - Can lead to shame and feeling like they have failed or lack control - They may resolve to do better the following day and plan to diet again - While some people with binge eating disorder have large bodies, some do not - People may be surprised or may not believe them if they share that they binge eat

Answer 61

- First Seek support: - Manitoba: http://eatingdisordersmanitoba.ca/ - Canada-wide: http://nedic.ca/ - Helpline open until 9pm EST daily - Toll free: 1-866-633-4220 - It takes a team!

Answer 62

- Treatment is collaborative - Recovery goals developed collaboratively with each client - Help identify client's values apart from the eating disorder, so they can challenge the problematic beliefs and behaviors that are interfering in living their life

Answer 63

- Treatment is individualized - Team will work with the client towards their recovery goals - Treatment is supportive - Addresses physical, psychological, and emotional healing - Supports behavioural changes, with the goal of unlearning behaviours that are no longer productive for the client

Energy Balance, Weight, & Health - Chapter 9 Flashcards

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