Energy Balance Flashcards
what are the 4 compound types that give the body energy?
- carbs
- proteins
- fats
- alcohol (dead calories)
thermic effect of food
energy used for GI functioning
what are the 4 fates of consumed food?
- contribute to energy for GI function
- fecal loss (not absorbed)
- urinary loss
- absorbed molecules build ATP
satiety
time between meals
satiation
feeling full
what is TDEE and how is it measured?
it is total daily energy expenditure and it is the total of BMR (basal metabolic rate) + TEF (thermic effect of food) + physical activity
how much food energy is dedicated to BMR?
60-75%
how much food energy is dedicated to physical exercise and non-exercise activity?
15-30%
Basal metabolic rate
amount of energy used by an awake, resting individual
metabolism and sending nutrients to different tissues is stimulated by ______
insulin
starving cells get energy from ______ _____
ketone bodies
hormones that promote breakdown of energy stores during fasting (3)
glucagon
TH
Epi
what hormones contribute to lipogenesis?
and increase in insulin
a decrease in GH, Leptin
what hormones contribute to protein synthesis
GH, IGF-1, TH all are increased to synthesize proteins
which hormone is involved in the absorptive stage?
insulin
what 3 tissue types does insulin signal to during the absorptive stage?
- liver
- skeletal muscle
- adipose tissue
what hormones are involved in the post-absorptive stage (4)?
glucagon
cortisol
GH
Epi
what tissues does Epi signal to during post-absorptive stage to access stored energy?
liver
skeletal muscle
adipose tissue
what is cortisol’s role in the post-absorptive stage?
stimulates protein breakdown in the skeletal muscle
satiety center in brain
medulla “nucleus solitarius”
how is energy balanced via hypothalamic signaling? (steps from GI to behavior)
- hunger or satiety signals are sent to the arcuate nucleus neurons in the hypo via hormones
(satiety= leptin and insulin; hunger= ghrelin) - these NPY and POMC neurons signals to the PVN neuron signals about changing food intake
- the PVN signals to the satiety center in the medulla
- the medulla signals behavior to increase or decrease food intake
what hypothalamic signals REDUCE food intake?
- alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH
2. CART (cocaine and amph regulated transcript)
what hypothalamic signals INCREASE food intake
orexins A and B
NPY
AgRP Agouti-related peptide
prolactin (stimulates/inhibits) food intake?
stimulates
