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BIOL 432 > Energy Balance > Flashcards

Energy Balance Flashcards

1
Q

the system that controls energy balance involves

A
  • long and short term signals (signals from gut and adipose tissue) that inform the brain of energy status
  • brain centers that integrate information
  • response: regulation of hunger intensity and energy expenditure
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2
Q

this systems essential role is….

A

to prevent starvation

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3
Q

how does this system prevent starvation?

A

ensuring adequate energy intake to compensate for the energy requirements of basal metabolism, physical activity, growth and reproduction

  • is biased towards preventing energy deficiency vs preventing excess energy storage
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4
Q

t/f: weight loss makes you predisposed to weight gain

A

true

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5
Q

signals informing of energy status - insulin

A

promotes nutrient uptake and storage in peripheral tissues (adipose, skeletal muscle, liver)

  • also in the brain: suppresses appetite/increases energy expenditure (but does not regulate brains glucose uptake)
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6
Q

CCK

A

cholecystokinin

  • regulates digestion and reduces appetite
  • enteroendocrine cels in duodenum (induced by HCL, amino acids, fatty acids)
  • released in response to food
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7
Q

GLP-1

A

glucagon like peptide

-promotes insulin secretion, reducing glucagon (reducing appetite)
-enteroendocrine cells in ileum/colon in response to nutrients

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8
Q

peptide YY

A

increases water/electrolyte absorption in colon, reduces appetite
- enteroendocrine cells in ileum/colon in response to fats

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9
Q

CCK, GLP-1, PYY, and ghrelin from the GI tract

A

peptide hormones with G-protein coupled receptors; exert short-term effects; affect satiation (feeling of fullness)

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10
Q

ghrelin

A
  • hunger hormone
  • increases appetite; also stimulates GH release and other effects (reward cognition)
  • enteroendocrine cells primarily in stomach (stimulated by fasting, incr, immediately before a meal; suppressed by eating)
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11
Q

leptin

A

167 aa hormone secreted by white adipose tissue (circulating leptin levels correlate with fat mass)
- suppresses appetite ( among other things - also affects reproductive function, metabolism, inflammation/immune system, etc)

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12
Q

leptin is a ____ of energy stores:

A

long term indicator, doesnt change with meals, or acutely affect meal size; decreasing leptin levels indicate a negative energy balance/diminishing fat stores, which leads to compensatory responses to replenish these stores

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13
Q

leptin 1950’s

A

discovery of obese mouse strain with mutant ob gene (increase food intake, obesity, elevated insulin - model of type 2 diabetes)

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14
Q

leptin 1965:

A

another genetically obese mouse strain bed, with mutation in db gene (same characterisitcs)

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15
Q

leptin 1994

A

ob gene mapped (expressed in adipose tissue); leptin ‘discovered’

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16
Q

ob/ob mutant mice

A

food intake/obesity/insulin levels normalize with blood from wild type

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17
Q

db/db mice

A

must lack a circulating factor (leptin) that controls these phenotypes

18
Q

db/db mutant mice

A

high levels of this circulating factor,but cant respond to it; leptin resistant (no receptor)

19
Q

leptin receptor

A
  • a cytokine receptor
  • ligand binding/receptor homodimeriztion leads to JAK2 recruitment and ultimately the activation of STAT3
20
Q

1994 leptin discovered…

A

great hope as an anti-obesity treatment

21
Q

in most cases obese people already have…

A

high circulating leptin levels, and do not respond to additional exogenous leptin (appear to be leptin resistant)

22
Q

genetic leptin deficiency is very

A

rare

23
Q

hormones indicating energy status:

A

receptors in hypothalamus and or vagus nerve

24
Q

two adjacent groups of neurons in _____ of the hypothalamus act as ______

A

arcuate nucleus, primary site for integrating these inputs (have receptors for gut/adipose tissue)

25
Q

these two groups of hypothalamis neurons release….

A

neuropeptides that signal to other parts of hypothalamus and other brain regions

26
Q

balance of activity of ____ and ____ determines appetite/energy expenditure

A

NYP- and POMC-expressing neurons

  • balance is influenced by relative degree os stimulation or inhibition each type of neuron, and interplay btwn neuron groups
27
Q

two adjacent groups of neurons in arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus are

A
  1. NPY/AgRP expressing neurons
  2. POMC/Cart-expressing neurons
28
Q

NYPY/AgRP expressing neurons

A
  • neuropeptides promote appetite (orexigenic)
  • stimulated by ghrelin
  • inhibited by PYY, CCK, leptin, GLP-2, insulin
29
Q

POMC/CART expressing neurons

A

neuropeptides reduce appetite (anorexigenic)
- stimulated by leptin, insulin, GLP-1
- inhibited by NPY from NPY-releasing neurons

30
Q

orexigenic neuropeptides

A
  • neuropeptide Y - NPY
  • agouti-related peptide - AgRP
31
Q

anorexigenic neuronpeptides

A

alpha-melanocyte stimulate hormone (a-MSH) which is a posttranslational derivative of pro-opiomelanocortin - POMC, processed by specific proteases
- cocaine- and amphetamine regulated transcript -CART

32
Q

a-MSH and AgRP act on a common receptor called

A

melanocortin-4-receptor - MC4R: a-MSH activates it and AgRP is an antagonist

33
Q

MC4R and NPY receptors

A

both GPCR

34
Q

energy expenditure

A

the brain modulates various processes that consume energy, such as locomotor activity and thermogenesis

  • involves neural outputs (sym and parasym NS) and endocrine regulation
  • thyroid hormone = key hormonal regulator of metabolism and energy expend
35
Q

adipose tissue

A

contains inflammatory/immune cells

36
Q

adipocytes secretes …

A

signaling molecules (including hormones, such as leptin and adiponectin) that inhibit or enhance insulin signaling

37
Q

hormone secretion depends on the amount of lipids stored in

A

adipocytes, whether a central vs peripheral adipose depot,, inflammation/cytokines ,etc

38
Q

adiponectin

A

secreted by adipocytes (inversely correlated with fat mass); improves insulin sensitivity via its effects on liver and muscle

39
Q

‘full’/enlarged adipocytes release _____ into circulatoin, where they may collect in ____

A

fatty acids, other cell types, and these ectopic lipid stores affect function of those tissues (inflammation, reduced insulin sensitivity of the tissues, etc)

40
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

a cluster of conditions that increase risk of developing heart disease, stroke and/or type 2 diaebetes

41
Q

maternal obesity and hyperglycaemia are associated with…

A

long term effects for the offspring, including increased risk of T2d during offsprings adulthood

42
Q

insufficient nutrion during pregnancy is also problematic….

A

for health of offspring

  • short term effect: fetal growth and development
  • potential long term effects include increased risk of t2d during adulthood

BIOL 432 (19 decks)

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