Energy and Life

Question 1

ATP

Answer 1

the product of cell respiration
energy currency of life
high energy molecule
stores and supplies cell with needed energy
UNSTABLE due to 3 negatively charged phosphates next to each other

Question 2

ADP

Answer 2

adenine with 2 phosphates
combine with 1 phosphate to make ATP
converted to ATP for energy storage

Question 3

activation energy

Answer 3

minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction

destabilizes bonds within reactants

Question 4

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 4

energy cannot be created or destroyed
it can only be converted from one form to another
during each is lost as heat

Question 5

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 5

entropy (disorder) is continually increasing in the universe
energy transformations proceed to spontaneously convert matter from a more order/less stable state to a less ordered/more stable state

Question 6

How do we harness energy, in form of electrons, from breaking down glucose?

Answer 6

by rearranging molecules in small steps
using enzymes until bonn become unstable to yell either a phosphate to transfer to ATP or energetic electrons to be stored for alter coupled reactions

Question 7

Free energy

Answer 7

amount of energy in a system that can perform work

Question 8

gibbs free energy

Answer 8

change in energy = total energy in system (bond energies) - absolute temperature of system x entropy

Question 9

metabolism

Answer 9

sum of all chemical reactions occurring in an organism

catabolism + anabolism

Question 10

catabolism

Answer 10

destructive reactions
release free energy
exergonic
ex: digestion and respiration

Question 11

anabolism

Answer 11

constructive reactions
require energy input
decrease entropy
endergonic
ex: protein synthesis and photosynthesis

Question 12

postive gibbs free energy

Answer 12

products have more free energy than reactants
H is higher or S is lower
not spontaneous, requires energy input
endergonic

Question 13

negative gibbs free energy

Answer 13

products have less free energy than reactants
H is lower, or S is higher
spontaneous (may not be instantaneous)
exergonic

Question 14

secret to accomplish anabolic reaction

Answer 14

couple and exergonic reaction with an endergonic reaction

then, delta G of coupled reactions is negative

Question 15

key to running any organism

Answer 15

continuous intake of high quality energy that can be later released in catabolic rations as required to do work

Question 16

how many reactions gradually transfer energy of glucose to ATP

Answer 16

30 reactions

change shape of molecules to transfer energy

Question 17

oxidized

Answer 17

when a substance loses electrons

Question 18

reduced

Answer 18

when a substance gains electrons

Question 19

redox reactions

Answer 19

electrons lost by one chemical substance gained by another one
donor substance loses energy
receiving substance gains energy through electrons

Question 20

NADH (NADH+H+, NADH2, reduced NAD+)

Answer 20

electron carrier
energy carrier
coenzyme
shuttle for electrons during cellular respiration
created during glycolysis and krebs cycle

Question 21

FADH2

Answer 21

reduced FAD+
redox cofactor
created during krebs cycle
electron carrier/shuttle