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GCSE Physics Paper 1 v2 > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different energy stores?

A
  • Thermal
  • Kinetic
  • Gravitational potential
  • Elastic potential
  • Chemical
  • Magnetic
  • Electrostatic
  • Nuclear
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2
Q

What is a system?

A

An object that is involved in energy transfer

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3
Q

How can energy be transferred?

A
  • Mechanically (physical touch)
  • Electrically (through a current)
  • Heat
  • Radiation (light/sound)
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4
Q

What is a closed system?

A

Were no energy is lost or gained during the transfer of energy, the event of energy transfer happens in an enclosed environment.
The net change of energy is 0

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5
Q

What is energy transfer?

A

When energy moves from one store to another, this can be done across systems or within the same system

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6
Q

What is work done?

A

Another way of saying energy transferred

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7
Q

When is kinetic energy stored in a system?

A

When the system is moving

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8
Q

What is the equation for Kinetic energy?

A

Ek = 1/2 mv^2

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9
Q

When is gravitational potential energy stored in a system?

A

When an object is acting against gravity, e.g. being held up

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10
Q

What is the equation for gravitational potential energy?

A

Ep = mgh

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11
Q

What happens to a systems object as it falls?

A

It transfers energy from its gravitational potential store to its kinetic energy store

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12
Q

When is elastic potential energy stored in a system?

A

When an object is stretched or squashed

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13
Q

What is the equation for elastic potential energy?

A 
Ee = 1/2ke^2
k = spring constant
e = extension
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14
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The energy needed to raise 1kg of a material by 1 degree

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15
Q

What is the equation for specific heat capacity?

A 
E = mcΔθ
m = mass
c = specific heat capacity
Δθ = change in temperature
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16
Q

How do you test the specific heat capacity of an object?

A
  • Get a block of the material with two wholes in
  • Measure the mass of the block
  • Put a thermometer in one whole and a heating rod in another and take the starting temperature
  • This rod should be connected to a 10v power pack and an ammeter
  • Start a stopwatch when the power pack is turned on
  • Time for 5 mins
  • Take the reading of the temperature,
  • You can then use P = IV to figure out power, using the 10V and ammeter reading,
  • Use this to work out energy: E = PT
  • Plug all the values needed into the equation of specific heat capacity and solve for c.
  • This will give you the specific heat capacity of the material
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17
Q

What is the ‘conservation of energy’ principle?

A

Energy can be stored, usefully or dissipated, but energy can neither be created or destroyed

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18
Q

Give an example of an open system

A

When you use your phone, chemical energy is transfer, via electricity as heat energy and is dissipated into the atmosphere

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19
Q

Give an example of a closed system

A

A cold spoon is dropped into a thermal flask full of hot soup, when the lid is closed the system is closed and the thermal energy is transferred onto the spoon, no energy is lost in the reaction. The soup will cool down and the spoon will heat up

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20
Q

What is the equation linking Energy (or work done), power and time

A 
P = E/T
P = W/T
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21
Q

What is conduction?

A

The process of vibrating particles transferring energy to neighbouring particles.
Heat energy is transferred into a system, this energy is transferred into kinetic energy and particles transfer this energy to each other mechanically by vibrating and bumping into each other.

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22
Q

What states do conduction occur in?

A

All, however, it is much more efficient if the particles are closer to each other (solid and liquid)

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23
Q

What is convection?

A

When energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions.

24
Q

What is a convection current?

A

When heating up a liquid or gas, the density of the hot particles decrease so it rises above the rest of the liquid or gas, this pushes down the cool gas or liquid and allows it to heat up while the risen hot particle cool down.

25
Q

Give an example of a convection current?

A

When you heat up a pot of water on a stove, the bottom of the water heats up,
The hot particles vibrate, as they are energetic, and create more space between the particles, this means the hot water is less dense,
The hot water from the bottom the pan rises above the cold water and displaces it because it is less dense,
The cold water is displaced and is pushed down to the heat source,
This heats up the cold water as the water at the top cools down,
This creates a current and circular movement of water around the pan.

26
Q

What are the methods of insulating a house?

A
  • Double glazed windows - prevents energy transfer by conduction because of the air gap in-between the glass, it also stops conduction because the window is not just one solid slab of glass
  • Cavity walls - works the same way as double glazed windows, can be filled with foam instead of air to stop convection
  • Loft insulation - prevents convection from the loft of the house
  • Draught Excludes - around doors and windows
27
Q

What is the purpose of insulating a building?

A

It reduces the rate of energy transfer to outside the house, this means that heat is kept in the building.

28
Q

How do you test how insulating a material is?

A
  • Boil water in a kettle,
  • Wrap two containers in the material you are testing, e.g. newspaper/ foam,
  • Pour the water into each container and put a lid on,
  • Take the temperature of each sample,
  • Time for 2 minutes
  • Take the final temperature and find the difference,
  • The material that had the smallest difference is the better insulator.
29
Q

What is the equation for efficiency?

A

Efficiency = Useful Energy (or power) / Total Energy (or power) X 100

30
Q

What are examples of devices that could be 100% efficient?

A

Radiators

31
Q

What is a renewable resource?

A

A source of energy that will never run out.

32
Q

What is a non-renewable resource?

A

A source of energy that will eventually run out.

33
Q

What are the 7 renewable resources?

A
  • The sun (solar)
  • Wind
  • Water waves
  • Hydro-electricity
  • Bio-fuel
  • Tides
  • Geothermal
34
Q

What are the two non- renewable resources?

A
  • Fossil fuels
    - Natural gas
    - Coal
    - Oil
  • Nuclear
35
Q

How are non-renewable resources used in vehicles?

A
  • Petrol and diesel are used in cars, these are fuels from oil,
  • Coal is used in older steam trains to boil the water
36
Q

How are renewable resources used in vehicles?

A
  • Bio-fuel can be mixed with petrol, some cars run only on pure bio-fuel
37
Q

How are non-renewable resources used in heating?

A
  • Natural gasses are used a lot widely in in most homes in the UK, the gas heats the water which is pumped around the radiators in the home,
  • Coal is commonly used for fireplaces
  • Electric heaters use electricity produced form non-renewable resources.
38
Q

How are renewable resources used in heating?

A
  • A geothermal pump can heat homes in certain countries,
  • Solar water heaters can be used to heat the water which is pumped into radiators,
  • Burning bio-fuel or using electricity from renewable resources to power heaters can also be used for heating.
39
Q

How do wind turbines work?

A
  • Wind turns a turbine that is connected to a motor,
  • The turbine has a generator inside and turns the motor,
  • This produces electricity
40
Q

What are the pros and cons on wind turbines?

A 
Pros:
- No pollution
- does not contribute to global warming
- Cheap maintenance costs
- No permanent environmental damage, they can be removed.
Cons:
- Expensive to set up
- Spoils the view
- don't create nearly as much electricity as non-renewable factories (1500 turbines per coal factory)
41
Q

How do solar panels work?

A

They use light from the sun to generate electricity.

42
Q

What are the pros and cons of solar panels?

A

Pros:
- Can be implemented into small devices or in houses
- No pollution
- very reliable in sunny countries
- running cost an maintenance is low
Cons:
- Only works during day
- Expensive to set up
- Cannot increase energy produce on demand (same as wind)
- generates electricity and a pretty small scale

43
Q

How does geothermal electricity production work?

A

Only possible in volcanic areas that lie quite near to the surface. The heat form the molten rocks heats the water into steam and it turns a turbine, or the water is provided straight to houses.

44
Q

What are the pros and cons of Geothermal?

A

Pros:
- Reliable
- Heats homes directly
- Does very little damage to the atmosphere
Cons:
- Only works in certain areas
- Expensive to set up and high maintenance

45
Q

How does Hydro-electricity work?

A

A valley is flooded by building a dam, small passages allow water to come through where they it turns a turbine. This is connected to a generator and creates electricity.

46
Q

What are the pros and cons of Hydro-electricity?

A

Pros:
- No pollution
- Can provide immediate response to a high demand of electricity
- Quite reliable in England as Draughts are rare
- Very high efficiency
Cons:
- Hard to find places to build dam
- Expensive to build the dam
- Destroys habitats around the area
- Draughts cause no opportunity for electricity production

47
Q

How do Waves produce energy?

A

Small turbines are turned by waves near docs.

48
Q

What are the pros and cons of wave energy production?

A 
Pros:
- No pollution
- Constant waves so always some energy
Cons:
- Spoils the view
- Not very efficient
- Fairly unreliable
- Initial costs are high
- Will probably never be a large scale producer
49
Q

How do tidal barrages work?

A

Big dams are built at estuaries, they don’t allow water to pass through the dam, it builds up and is then allowed through. They turn turbines as they come through the dam.

50
Q

What are the pros and cons of Tidal Barrages?

A

Pros:
- Some tides can be very strong and produce high amounts of electricity
- Cheap to maintain
- Have potential to produce hella electricity
Cons:
- Can only be built at an estuary
- Destroy habitats
- May block boats or fish from crossing to the other side of the river
- Initial costs are high

51
Q

How does bio-fuel electricity production energy?

A

Plants are burned instead of fossil fuels for energy in power plants. Methane gas can be collected by cows or manure, and crops can be grown to be burnt.

52
Q

What are the pros and cons of Bio-fuel?

A 
Pros:
- Carbon neutral
- fairly reliable
- May be able to react to a high demand for electricity if spare crops are stored
Cons:
- Need lots of land, destroy habitats and is expensive to buy
- Costs to refine bio-fuel is high
- Power plants are expensive to build
53
Q

How were fossil fuels made?

A

They were very compressed dead creatures or plants, these have been exposed to high amounts of pressure and heat under the Earths crust.

54
Q

What are the pros and cons of Fossil fuels?

A

Pros:
- Reliable, energy production can increase on demand
- Quite efficient
Cons:
- releases CO2, adds to the greenhouse effect
-Produces Sulfur dioxide, this causes acid rain and speeds up natural erosion
- will run out within 50 yrs

55
Q

How do nuclear power plants produce energy?

A

Nuclear fission occurs, this releases energy that heats up water and the steam turns a turbine that are connecting to generators to produce electricity.

56
Q

What are the pros and cons of Nuclear power plants?

A

Pros:
- No contribution to the greenhouse effect,
- very efficient
Cons:
- Nuclear waste, very hard to get rid of
- Will eventually run out of nuclear resources.
- expensive to start and run

GCSE Physics Paper 1 v2 (5 decks)

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