Endoskeleton - Axial Flashcards
forms the main axis of the body, composed of the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
axial skeleton
the framework of the head
skull
protects the brain and houses and protects the sense organs for taste, smell, hearing, vision and balance
skull
the most complex of all parts of the endoskeleton because of it’s origin
skull
cartilaginous during embryonic stage
skull
composed of cartilage, base of the skull, including sense capsule, replaced by bone
chondrocranium
composed of membrane bones, roof over the chondrocranium
dermatocranium
derived from the viseral skeleton, cartilaginous covered by memebrane bones
splanchnocranium
the brain case, support, surround and protect the brain within the cranial cavity, composed of bones in the human forming the roof, sides and floor of the brain case
cranial bones
bone that forms the forehead, the anterior part of the floor and the roof of the orbits (eye sockets)
frontal bone
bone that forms the roof sides of the cranium
pariental bone
bone that forms the inferior lateral parts of the cranium and part of the floor
temporal bone
each temporal bone has an opening called the _ which directs sound to the inner ear
external auditory meatus
what is incased within and contains three small bones
inner ear
what do you call the 3 small bones of the inner ear
ossicles
skull bone with large opening through which the brain connects to the spinal cord
occipital bone
what is the large opening in the occipital bone called
the foramen magnum
what articulates the atlas, enabling nodding movements of the head
occipital condyles
bone that forms part of the cranial floor, the medial walls of the orbits and the upper part of the nasal system
ethmoid bone
part of the ethmoid bone which divides the nasal cavity into left and right sides
nasal system
bone that acts as a keystone by holding together all the other cranial bones
sphenoid bone
framework of the face, composed of 14 bones in humans providing cavities for the sense organs of smell, taste and vision, opening for the passage of food, water and air, attachment points for the muscles that produce facial expressions
facial bones
bone that forms the upper jaw containing sockets for the 16 upper teeth
maxillae bones
bones or cheekbones that form the prominences of the cheeks and part of the lateral margins of the orbits
zygomatic bones
bones that form the bridge of the nose
nasal bones
bones that form the posterior side walls of the nasal cavity and the posterior part of the hard palate
palatine bones
bones that form part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
inferior nasal conchae
bone that forms part of the nasal septum
vomer bone
the only skull bone that is able to move, articulates with the temporal bone allowing the mouth to open and close provides anchorage for the 16 lower teeth
mandible bone
the main axial support of vertebrates
vertebral column
initially formed during fetal development as notochord, the first skeletal element to appear in the embryo of chordates which is unsegmented and composed of dense fibrous connective tissue
vertebral column
commonly called the backbone, spinal column or spine
vertebral column
part of vertebral column that consists of a chain of irregular bones called _ that meet at slightly movable joints
vertebrae
each joint permits only limited movement but collectively the joints give the backbone considerable flexibility enabling it to rotate and to bend
vertebral column
makes up about 40% of body height (in human)
vertebrate column
extends from the skull to its anchorage in the pelvic girdle, where it transmits the weight of the head and trunk to the lower limbs
vertebrate column
how many vertebrae are there in human?
26
what is the first vertebra in the cervical vertebrae called
atlas
what is the second vertebra in the cervical vertebrae called?
axis
which 5 vertebrae fused to form the sacrum
sacral
which 3 to 5 vertebrae fused to form the coccyx
caudal
tail bone
coccyx
vertebral is divided into how many regions in salamanders, reptiles, birds and mammals
5
how many verte. regions in frogs and why
4, because no neck region
how many verte. regions in fished and which
2, the trunk and tail
series of cartilaginous or elongated bony structures attached to the vertebrae
ribs
stout, arched structures surrounding the thoracic cavity and uniting ventrally with the sternum
ribs
forms the thoracic cage or rib cage that protects the heart, lungs, major blood vessels, stomach and liver
ribs
composed of the neck, shaft and the angle
ribs
how many pairs of ribs are there
12
directly connected to the sternum
true ribs
the distal cartilaginous ends unite with the costal cartilages of the last true rib
false ribs
the distal cartilaginous ends terminate freely
floating ribs
commonly called the breast bone
sternum
elongated structure lying in the mid-ventral region of the anterior trunk
sternum
articulates with the pectoral girdle
sternum
strengthen the anterior part of the runk
sternum
not present in snakes, limbless lizard and turtles (with plastron)
sternum
in man, the sternum is _ and _
flat and narrow
notches for the reception of sternal ends of the upper seven coastal cartilages
manubrium and gladiolus
has no ribs attached to it but some abdominal muscles
xiphoid process
