Endoscopy Flashcards
Define
Video endoscopes relay colour images to a high definition television monitor. The tip of the endoscope can be angulated in all directions and channels in the instrument are used for air insufflation, water injection, suction, and for the passage of accessories such as biopsy forceps or brushes for obtaining tissue, snares for polypectomy and needles for injection therapies. Permanent photographic or video records of the procedure are obtained.
Mucosal biopsy is often an integral part of the examination; multiple biopsies (8–10) are taken in suspected cancer to reduce sampling error and a false-negative result.
What is oesophagogastroduoduodenoscopy (OGD)?
A flexible endoscope is passed through the mouth into the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum following the administration of local anaesthetic spray to the pharynx and/or light sedation with intravenous midazolam. Patients fast for 6 hours prior to the procedure and must not drive for 24 hours after intravenous sedation.
What are the indications of an OGD?
dyspepsia, dysphagia, weight loss and iron deficiency anaemia
What are the possible complications of an OGD?
The mortality for diagnostic endoscopy is 0.001% with significant complications in 1: 10 000, usually when performed as an emergency (e.g. GI haemorrhage).
What is sigmoidoscopy?
This is performed with a rigid instrument to examine the rectum and distal sigmoid, or with a flexible instrument to examine the whole of the left colon. Bowel preparation is achieved with one or two phosphate enemas, and sedation is rarely required.
What is colonoscopy?
This allows visualization of the entire colon and terminal ileum. Bowel cleansing solutions (p. 133) are given in advance of the procedure to clear the bowel of solid contents. Intravenous analgesia (with fentanyl) and sedation (with midazolam) may be required.
What are the indications of a colonoscopy?
altered bowel habit, rectal bleeding or as a screening tool for colorectal cancer.
What are the possible complications of a colonoscopy?
bowel perforation and bleeding, and respiratory depression and hypotension as a result of the
