EndoRepro

Question 1

gonads

Answer 1

testes

ovaries

Question 2

male accessori sex glands

Answer 2

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

Secretions provide bulk of semen (liquid substance that is conducive to sperm viability)

Question 3

male organs

Answer 3

Penis

Organ used to deposit semen in female

Question 4

male reproductive tract

Answer 4

Epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct empty into urethra (canal running length of penis that empties into exterior)

Question 5

female reproduction function
production of?
relates to sperm and fert

Answer 5

Cyclical production of ova (oogenesis)
Reception of sperm
Transport of sperm and ovum to common site for union (fertilization or conception)
Product of fertilization is known as an embryo
After first two months of intrauterine development, embryo is known as a Maintenance of the developing fetus until it can survive in outside world (gestation or pregnancy)
• Formation of placenta (exchange organ between mother and fetus)
– Giving birth to the baby (parturition)
– Nourishing infant after birth by milk production (lactation)

Question 6

female organs

Answer 6

Oviducts

Vagina

Question 7

three levels of differences between males and females

Answer 7

• Genetic - Depends on combination of sex chromosomes at time of conception
• Gonadal- Whether testes or ovaries develop, Presence or absence of Y chromosome determines gonadal differentiation
• Phenotypic- Apparent anatomic sex of individual Determined by gonadal sex

Question 8

undifferentiated external genitals

Answer 8

consist of a genital tubercle, paired urethral folds surrounding a urethral groove, and, more laterally, genital (labioscrotal) swellings

Question 9

mullerian duct

wolffian duct

Answer 9

female is mullerian

male is wolffian

Question 10

spermatogenesis process

Answer 10

Results in many highly specialized, mobile sperm
• Complex process by which undifferentiated diploid primordial germ cells (spermatogonia) are converted into haploid spermatozoa (sperm)

Question 11

testes

Answer 11

completed by 7th of gestation
Produce sperm
Occurs within seminiferous tubules
Secrete testosterone
Produced by Leydig (interstitial) cells that lie in connective tissue between seminiferous tubule

Question 12

sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules

Answer 12

• Form blood-testes barrier
• Provide nourishment
• Phagocytic function
• Secrete seminiferous tubule fluid which flushes released sperm from tubule into epididymis for storage and additional processing
Secrete androgen-binding protein
Site of action to control spermatogenesis
Release inhibin
Acts in negative-feedback fashion to regulate FSH secretion

Question 13

epidermis and ductus deferens

Answer 13

Store and concentrate sperm
Increase sperm motility and fertility prior to ejaculation
During ejaculation, sperm are mixed with
secretions released by accessory glands
Seminal vesicles
Supply fructose for energy

Question 14

LH and FSH

Answer 14

Testes controlled by the two gonadotropic hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH),

Question 15

testosterone influence

Answer 15

is essential to maintaining spermatogenesis in the adult male, and it is under the direct control of LH

Question 16

hypothalamic hormone, gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 16

negative feedback

Secretion of both LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary is stimulated in turn by a single

Question 17

testosterone

Answer 17

derived from cholesterol precursor

Question 18

5 testosterone effects

Answer 18

– Reproductive system before birth
– Sex-specific tissues after birth
– Other reproductive-related effects
– Secondary sexual characteristics
– Non-reproductive actions

Question 19

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Answer 19

• Enlargement of prostate gland
• 40% of men in 50s; 70% of men in their 60s
• Growth of both stromal and epithelial components
• Androgen-dependent (DHT) and growth factor-related
• Associated with urine retention, frequent voiding, changes in adjacent bladder structure and function
• Treated by surgical removal of tissue; inhibition of prostate cell growth (5alpha-reductase inhibitors); block muscle contraction

Question 20

prostate cancer

Answer 20

• Most common cancer in men (> 1 in 10)
• Age related, genetic predisposition
• Initially 70% are androgen-dependent
• Recurrent hormone-independent tumors are more difficult to treat
• PSA is diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in blood
• Identifying “who to treat” problematic

Question 21

erectile dysfunction

Answer 21

Occasional impotence is not abnormal
– Age-related decline in ability to sustain an erection
– Blood flows into penis during arousal, and reduced outflow sustains erection
– Viagra (and similar drugs) inhibit cGMP loss and decrease blood flow from penis

Question 22

oviduct

Answer 22

(uterine or Fallopian tubes) In close association with ovaries
Pick up ova on ovulation
Serve as site for fertilization
Uterus
Responsible for maintenance of fetus during development
Responsible for expelling fetus at end of pregnancy

Question 23

vagina

Answer 23

Muscular, expandable tube that connects uterus to external environment
Lower portion is cervix Cervical canal
Single, small opening that serves as pathway for sperm Serves as passageway for delivery of baby from uterus
Vaginal opening is located in perineal region between urethral opening and anal opening