Endometrium Pathology Flashcards
what parts of the female repro system lie within the pelvic cavity?
ovaries
uterine tubes
uterus
superior part of vagina
what parts of the female repro system lie within perineum?
inferior part of vagina perineal muscles bartholins glands clitoris labia
what are the 3 layers of the uterus?
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
what holds the uterus in place?
number of ligaments
endopelvic fascia
muscles of pelvic floor (eg levator ani)
what does broad ligament do?
hold uterus in midline position
(sheet covering ovary)
fallopian tube also contained within upper part of ligament
what is the round ligament?
embryological remnant
band sitting at top of broad ligament
4 divisions of fallopian tube? (in order from uterus end to open end)
isthmus
ampulla
infundibulum
fimbriae
where does fimbriae open into?
peritoneal cavity
what does the cervix do?
holds the walls of the vagina apart forming a fornix
what are the 4 parts of the fornix?
anterior
posterior
two lateral sides
where do most uterine malignancies arise from?
endometrium
most common type of uterine cancer?
adenocarcinoma
what increases risk of endometrial cancer?
usually post-menopausal anything that increases oestrogen level - PCOS - late menopause - nulliparity - obesity - unopposed oestrogen HRT - tamoxifen - carbohydrate intolerance - oestrogen secreting tumours
why does obesity increase oestrogen levels?
adipose tissue converts androgens into oestrogens
types of oestrogen secreting tumours?
granulosa cell tumour
theca cell tumour
how does oral contraceptive pill change endometrial cancer risk?
decreased risk
common presenting symptoms of endometrial cancer?
abnormal uterine bleeding (main symptom)
less commonly can have abnormal vaginal discharge
pain is rare in early stages so can indicate metastases if present
where might endometrial cancer spread?
usually direct spread and can involve myometrium, cervix, fallopian tubes and local tissue
investigations of suspected endometrial cancer?
trans-vaginal US = first line
endometrial biopsy
hysteroscopy
dilation and curettage (done alongside hysteroscopy)
how is TV US used in endometrial caner?
measures endometrial thickness
- normal findings = smooth, regular endometrium <4mm