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bot ch1 - cell > endomembrane system > Flashcards

endomembrane system Flashcards

1
Q

which organelles are present in the endomembrane system and why?

A

ER, Golgi apparatus , lysosome and vacuole. the function in a co ordinated manner

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2
Q

what are the three main structures found in ER?

A

1) cisternae
2) vesicles
3) tubules

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3
Q

what are tubules?

A

they are branched or unbranched structure that forms a reticular system with cisternae and vesicles. they are free of ribosome and are common in lipid and sterol synthesizing cells

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4
Q

what are cisternae?

A

they are long, flat ,parallel and sac like inter connected structure. they 60s ribosomes an is involved in protein synthesis. they are usually in cells that have synthetic role like cells of pancreas and brain.

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5
Q

what are vesicles ?

A

they are oval membrane bound vacuolar structure . they are free from ribosomes. they are abundant in pancreas and they are the only ER structure found in spermatozoa

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6
Q

what are luminal compartment?

A

its is the space enclosed by the ER

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7
Q

what are extra luminal space?

A

area in the cytoplasm outside the ER

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8
Q

what is ser?

A

its is a smooth membranous structure free of ribosome. muscle cells are rich in ser and are call sacroplasmic

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9
Q

ser present in the muscle cell are called?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

what are the functions of ser?

A

1) detoxification drug
2) synthesis of steroids and lipids
3) protein synthesised by rer passes through it
4) release and uptake Ca^+2 for contraction of muscle

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11
Q

what is rer?

A

it is a granular membranous structure with ribosomes they are extensive and continuous from the outer nuclear membrane. they contain to protein (ribophorin 1 and ribophorin 2) for the attachment of 60s and 80s.

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12
Q

which glycoproteins are required for the attachment of 60s and 80s ribosome?

A

ribophorin 1 ad ribophorin2

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13
Q

what are the functions of rer?

A

1) they produce the precursor enzymes for the production of lysosomes and golgi complex
2) they are present in cell that are actively involved secretion and synthesis.
3) they give rise to ser

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14
Q

who was golgi body named after ?

A

golgi body was named after Camilo Golgi its discoverer, he described it as densely stain reticular structure present near the nucleus.

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15
Q

explain the structure of golgi cisternae?

A

they are smooth flat parallel sac like structure arranged in stacks. they form a extensive network near the nucleus in a concentric pattern . there are 4-8 cisternae in a stack.their structure resembles ser

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16
Q

what is the size of cisternae?

A

they are 0.1 micro meter - 0.5 micrometer in diameter

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17
Q

what are the two faces of golgi body?

A

1)cis face or the forming face
2)trans face or the mature face
these faces are interconnected but are different

18
Q

what are the four main structures present in golgi body

A

cisternae,tubules,vesicles and golgi vacuoles

19
Q

explain what tubules in golgi body are ?

A

these are small flat interconnected structure arising from the periphery of golgi body due to fenestration

20
Q

what are vesicles of golgi body?

A

they are large rounded sacs present at the end of cisternae

21
Q

what are the two types of vesicles(golgi body)

A
  • smooth vesicles: they are smooth surfaced secretory vesicles they contain secretory granules
  • coated vesicles: they are rough surfaced, they are spherical protutuberence arising from tubules of golgi body
22
Q

what are golgi vacuoles?

A

they are vacuoles present produced t the maturing face.they are filled with granules or amorphous substance.they some time act as lysosomes.

23
Q

what are functions of golgi body?

A

1)processing , packaging and transporting materials for secretion. they are delivered to intercellular or extracellular targets.
2) cisternea modifies the protein produces by ER
3) it is an important site for the production of glysoprotein(glycolisis of protein)
and glycolipids(glycosidation of protein)
4)the acrosome of sperm cells are modified golgi body
5)they help in formation of plasma membrane during cytokinesis

24
Q

what is the process of formation of glycolipid called?

A

glycosidation of protein

25
Q

what is the process of formation of glycoproteins called?

A

glycolistaion of protein

26
Q

explain the structure of lysosomes?

A

they are sac like structure evenly distrubuted in the cytoplasm. they contain hydrolytic enzymes . hey are formed in the process of packaging in the golgi body.

27
Q

what are the hydrolytic enzymes present in lysosomes?

A

hydrolases- proteases, carbohydrases and lipases

28
Q

what ph is lysosomes and how do they maintain t?

A

lysosomes are acidic in ph and they can digest lipids, nucleic acid , carbohydrate , protein . they maintain their ph by pumping H+ ions into them.

29
Q

what are primary lysosomes?

A

they are newly formed lysosomes formes at the trance face of golgi body . their enzymes are inacti.ve .

30
Q

what are secondary lysosomes?

A

they are heterophagosomes or digestive vacuoles. they are formed when primary lysosomes fuse phagosomes. they contain enzymes required to digest materials.

31
Q

what are residual lysosomes?

A

they are secondary lysosmes containing undigested materials. residual bodies pass outwardly. they come in contact with plasma lamella and throws undigested material outside the cell through ephagy or exocytosis.

32
Q

what are autophagic vacuoles?

A

they are primary lysosomes fused with old or dead organelles , which surround it with vacuolar membrane and digests it by autolysis or autodigestion. this how larval organs disappears during metamorphosis. like tail in frog.

33
Q

which lysosome is known as suicidal bag?

A

autophagic lysosome

34
Q

which organelle shows polymorphism ?

A

lysosome show polymorphism

35
Q

what are vacuoles?

A

they are membrane bound space that contain cell sap , excretory material and other material that is not useful to the cell. they are sap vacuoles

36
Q

describe vacuoles present in plant cells?

A

vacuoles present in plant cell are centrally located and can occupy up to 90% of the cell’s volume. they have a membrane called tonoplast which facilitates the movement of ions against the concentration gradient into the vacuole. thus their concentration is significantly higher in the vacuoles.

37
Q

what are contractile vacuoles?

A

they are present in amoeba and help it in excretion.

38
Q

what are food vacuoles?

A

in protist they are formed by engulfing food particle

39
Q

what are are gas vacuoles ?

A

they are membraneless vacuoles present in prokaryotes, they provide buoyancy and help it in floating in water. they are pseudo vacuoles.

40
Q

Why are gas vacuoles called Pseudovacuoles?

A

since they do not have a true membrane

bot ch1 - cell (7 decks)

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