Endogenous Processes

Question 1

___“within” + ____ “producing. “
- means having an internal cause or origin

Answer 1

endo + genous

Question 2

• long amplitude wave generated by the displacement of the water column, due to earthquakes, volcanic activities, slides, and meteoric impacts
• forms on tectonic boundaries

Answer 2

Tsunami

Question 3

A weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface

Answer 3

Earthquakes

Question 4

the potential for dangerous, earthquake-related natural phenomena such as ground shaking, fault rupture, or soil liquefaction

Answer 4

seismic hazard

Question 5

Sources of Earthquake

Answer 5

Volcanism, Tectonism, Anthropogenic Sources (ex. fracking)

Question 6

OVER ____ OCCUR AROUND THE EDGES OF THE ____

Answer 6

80 PERCENT, PACIFIC OCEAN

Question 7

Earthquakes occur at ____, which form where the rocks that make up Earth’s crust come into contact with one another. These plates want to move, reshaping Earth’s surface over the course of time, but have a hard time sliding past one another. As the plates struggle to move, ____ builds along faults. When it gets to be too much, rocks break, the plates move and _____ ripple through the ground

Answer 7

fault lines, tension, waves of energy

Question 8

• occurs in saturated soils
• occurs when the strength of the soil decreases and, the ability of a soil deposit to support foundations for buildings and bridges is reduced

Answer 8

Liquefaction

Question 9

• general lowering of the land
• a local deformation eventually that creates depression or shallow pits, where water can accumulate more easily

Answer 9

Land Subsidence

Question 10

occur as the resultant of a combination of processes (heavy rainfall, slope downcutting and earthquake)

Answer 10

Coseismic Landslide and Mass Movement

Question 11

describes the intensity of an earthquake based on its observed effects

Answer 11

Mercalli scale

Question 12

describes the earthquake’s magnitude by measuring the seismic waves that cause the earthquake.

Answer 12

Richter scale

Question 13

HERP and NIED

Answer 13

Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion

National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention

Question 14

manifestation of endogenous processes at the surface of the Earth.

Magma accumulates and upwells forming deformations on the surface where effusive and explosive eruptions occur.

Answer 14

Volcanoes

Question 15

associated to slow-onset hazard

Answer 15

Effusive eruption

Question 16

requires immediate action and response

Answer 16

Explosive eruption

Question 17

involves decompression (popping) of gases

Answer 17

Magmatic eruption

Question 18

involves magma erupting through water

Answer 18

Phreatomagmatic eruption

Question 19

ejection of steam, water and ash

precursor for traditional eruptions

Answer 19

Phreatic eruption

Question 20

Volcanic hazards directly associated with eruption

Answer 20

LAVA FLOW
TEPHRA FALL OR ASHFALL
BALLISTIC PROJECTILES PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENTS (PDCs)
LATERAL BLAST
VOLCANIC GAS

Question 21

• effusive eruptions that result from the overflowing of lava
• may form from the main crater or through vents.
• sluggish but may reach extreme speeds
• velocity depends on its viscosity.
• does not threaten human lives; categorized as slow-onset However, it will destroy everything in its path, and so it will burn soil and irreversibly incinerate infrastructures.
• Prior _____ may become “alive” again and acts as pipes for consequent lava flows, and it may also be a precursor for ____

Answer 21

LAVA FLOW, lahars

Question 22

______is relatively hotter and has ______; both attributes contribute to its low viscosity.

Answer 22

basaltic lava, low silica content

Question 23

Volcanic fragments are violently torn off and ejected into the atmosphere These fragments range in size; larger-sized fragments fall merely near the volcano while ash may blanket the atmosphere (global winter). The volcanic plume formed will fall downwind the volcano.

Answer 23

ASHFALL/BALLISTIC PROJECTILES

Question 24

____ essentially are microscopic fragments that may turn into glass, causing health problems and can destroy machinery. It can result in global winters that may last years.

Answer 24

Ash

Question 25

As ____move downhill, it picks up speed through acquisition of water or air. It typically has two distinct layers: the basal flow running along the ground and the ash cloud that lifts from the basal flow.

Supported by its velocity, these flows can cover vast distances and can turn into lahars once ample precipitation or another eruption occurs

Answer 25

PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENTS (PDCs)

Question 26

Volcanic hazards indirectly associated with eruption

Answer 26

LAHAR
DEBRIS AVALANCHE
VOLCANIC TSUNAMI
GROUND SUBSIDENCE AND FISSURING
SECONDARY EXPLOSION
PDCs AND ASHFALL

Question 27

• form from volcanic material being hydrated
• indirectly associated with eruptions because it is the result of hydration of ejected volcanic material (e.g. monsoon rains) that allows for the mass of sediment to flow. Similarly, it can form from volcanic material flowing along rivers
• may lengthen the period of the occurrence of volcanic hazards
• travel great distances and can bury entire communities in sediment.
• It can tear away at riverbanks destroying houses that are situated near them. It is a much likely occurrence to have secondary lahars form up to months or years from a volcanic eruption

Answer 27

LAHAR

Question 28

• determination of the strength of volcanic eruptions with respect to the volume of erupted tephra/ash.
• measures frequency

Answer 28

VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY INDEX (VEI)

Question 29

PHIVOLCS directly monitors eight active volcanoes. They have different instruments which they use.
measure changes in elevation (____), gas concentrations (____), and frequency of earthquakes (____)

Answer 29

VOLCANO MONITORING NETWORKS
- tiltmeters
- gas boxes
- seismometers

Question 30

Why do people live near volcanoes?

Answer 30

Nutrient-Rich Soils
Volcanic Ore Deposits
Place Attachment
Practicality

Question 31

Ordained and instituted a national building code of the Philippines

Answer 31

Republic Act No. 6541

Question 32

Revised the provisions of the National Building Code

Answer 32

Presidential Decree No. 1096

Question 33

1978 National Disaster Coordinating Council

Answer 33

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

Question 34

What makes the Philippines disaster-prone?

Answer 34

Prevalence of Natural Hazards due to Pacific Ring of Fire (high exposure)

Issues of POVERTY and DEVELOPMENT (high vulnerability)

Question 35

4 Contributions of Geog

Answer 35

• GIS (ER)
• Geog Research (ER, PP, AP)
• Comm-based Approaches
• IEC Campaigns

Question 36

give 1 case study

Answer 36

The 1976 Moro Gulf Earthquake and Tsunami The “Midnight Killer”

The 1990 Luzon Earthquake the 7.8-magnitude earthquake that rocked northern Luzon

The 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo The 2nd largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century