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Exam Prep MCQs > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A
  • TSH
  • GH
  • LH
  • prolactin
  • adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
  • FSH

The release of these hormones is dependent on stimulation from the hypothalamus via the portal vascular system.

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2
Q

What kind of hormone is aldosterone?

A

Mineralocorticoid

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3
Q

Where is aldosterone synthesised?

A

Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

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4
Q

What stimulates secretion of aldosterone?

A

Hyperkalaemia, angiotension II and ACTH

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5
Q

Where does aldosterone act to cause sodium retention?

A

In the DCT.

It also causes potassium loss here.

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6
Q

What syndromes cause high/low aldosterone levels?

A

High in Conn’s syndrome.

Low in Addisons’s disease.

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7
Q

How does aldosterone affect cAMP?

A

Aldosterone acts on intracellular receptors to produce specific gene transcription.

cAMP concentrations are altered due to agonist effects on extracellular 2nd messenger receptors

=> aldosterone does NOT increase intracellular cAMP

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8
Q

Is insulin a positive inotrope?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Where is insulin secreted from?

A

Beta cells within Islets of Langerhans

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10
Q

What does insulin do to triglycerides?

A

Causes triglyceride formation and fat deposition

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11
Q

What does somatostatin do to insulin and glucagon?

A

Insulin and glucagon are inhibited by somatostatin

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12
Q

What kind of hormone is insulin?

A

A peptide hormone

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13
Q

What stimulates insulin secretion?

A

Secretion is stimulated by a rise in plasma glucose, parasympathetic release of ACh, beta 2 adrenoceptor stimulation (adrenaline) and amino acids arginine and leucine

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14
Q

What inhibits insulin release?

A

Release is inhibited by low glucose concertrations, noradrenaline (alpha 1) and somatostatin.

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15
Q

How does the posterior pituitary communicate with the hypothalamus?

A

Via specialised neurons

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16
Q

How is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Via a portal vascular system

17
Q

Where are vasopressin and oxytocin synthesised and stored?

A

Synthesised in hypothalamic neurons.

Stored in posterior pituitary.

18
Q

What kind of hormones does the posterior pituitary produce? Lipid or water soluble?

A

Water soluble as they are peptide hormones

19
Q

What does increased osmolality stimulate?

A

Release of vasopressin (ADH)

20
Q

Where does vasopressin act on aquaporin channels?

A

The DCT

21
Q

Where is renin secreted from?

A

The JGA

22
Q

What does the macula densa do?

A

Detects Na+ concentration at the DCT

23
Q

Where is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II?

A

The lungs

24
Q

How quickly does aldosterone work?

A

It takes hours as it works via intracellular receptors to alter gene trascription

25
Q

Does Candesartan reduce angiontensin II levels?

A

No. Candesartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker. It has no effect on ACE

26
Q

How does trauma affect glucagon levels?

A

Increase due to sympathetic stimulation to mobilise glucose stores

27
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

The central part of the adrenal gland - the adrenal medulla

28
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A
  • Aldosterone from zona glomerulosa
  • cortisol and corticosterone (zona fasiculata)
  • androgens such as testosterone (5% from adrenal cortex even though majority is from testes/ovaries), dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione (zona reticularis)
29
Q

Where is noradrenaline released from?

A

Adrenal medulla

30
Q

Where is vasopressin released from?

A

Synthesised in hypothalamus and released by posterior pituitary

31
Q

What kind of hormone is vasopressin?

A

A monopeptide hormone

32
Q

Where does vasopressin cause selective water reabsorption from?

A

Via aquaporin channels in the collecting duct

33
Q

How is adrenaline synthesised?

A

Noradrenaline is a precursor of adrenaline, so, adrenaline is synthesised by the addition of a methyl group to noradrenaline.

34
Q

What is the rate limiting step in catecholamine synthesis?

A

The rate limiting step is the hyroxylation of tyrosine

35
Q

What do phaeochromocytomas secrete?

A

They most commonly secrete predominantly noradrenaline, though they can be predominanty adrenaline or dopamine secretors.

36
Q

Why aren’t beta blockers used in phaeochromocytomas?

A

This could result in unopposed alpha stimulation by the excess noradrenaline causing profound vasoconstriction.

37
Q
A

Exam Prep MCQs (19 decks)

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