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MCB > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

State list of trophic hormones produce from anterior pituitary gland.

A

FLAT PIG - F (FSH), L(LH), A(adrenocorticotrophin), T(thyroid-stimulating- hormone), Prolactin, I, Growth Hormone

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2
Q

State examples of tropic hormones made from anterior pituitary gland.

A
  • ACTH, FSH,LH, GRH, GHIH(somatostatin)
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3
Q

State the function of the core of neuroendocrine system

A
  • maintain homeostasis
  • Dramatic changes to internal physiology
  • regulation of diurnal patterns
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4
Q

State the pathway of formation of cortisol/glucocorticoids and feedback pathway

A

Hypothalamus-(CRH)- pituitary gland- Adrenocotropic hormone - adrenal cortex( cortisol)
cortisol - inhibit ACTH, CRH

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5
Q

Enzyme require for induction gluconeogenic enzymes

A

phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

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6
Q

Symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome

A
  • Moon shape face (change in appearance)
  • bruising
  • psychosis
  • depression
  • insomnia
  • polyuria
  • growth arrest
  • amenorrhoea
  • central weight gain
  • backpain
  • thin skin
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7
Q

Causes of Cushing’s syndrome( hyperadrenalism)

A
  • ACTH dependent ( defects in pituitary/Cushing’s , Ectopic ACTH , ACTH adminstration)
  • non-ACTH causes ( adrenal adenomas and carcinomas)
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8
Q

Symptoms of Addison’s disease

A
  • Imagine a grandma bending back
  • backpain
  • brown pigmentation
  • anorexia
  • confusion
  • depression
  • poor muscle mass
  • amenorrhoea
  • abdominal pain
  • fever/ nausea
  • reduce glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid and sex steroid production
  • destruction of adrenal cortex
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9
Q

Cause of Addison’s disease( Hypoadrenalism)

A
  • Autoimmune disease (90%)/ TB(10%)
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10
Q

State the HPA pathway of synthesis of growth hormome

A

Hypopituitary - growth hormone releasing hormone(+) / somatostatin(-)- anterior pituitary gland - growth hormone - liver- release IGF-1

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11
Q

State the effect of growth hormone

A
  • muscle ( increase protein synthesis , decrease glucose uptake)
  • bone- chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation from fibroblast
  • adipose tissue ( increase lipolysis)
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12
Q

State the name of the enzyme to make cortisol from corticosterone

A

17alpha- hydroxylase

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13
Q

sTAR

A

Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory protein

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14
Q

State the process of steroidogenesis

A

-STAR attach to mitochondria( cholesterol from LDL forms pregnolone) - pregnolone transport from mitochondria to ER - pregnenolone turn to progesterone in ER - progesterone turn to deoxycorticosterone - to corticosterone in mitochondria - to cortisol in cytoplasm

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15
Q

State the enzyme which converts progesterone from pregnenolone.

A

3 beta-HSD ( 3 beta- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase)

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16
Q

State the process of insulin synthesis

A

Gene(S-A-B-C) - Transcription(mature mRNA)- translation - proinsulin folded S-S bonds in ER - cleavage in Golgi - insulin( A and B connected but not C chain)

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17
Q

State the factors which inhibit and activate insulin secretion

A

A- incretins, breakdown products from food(glucose) , parasympathetic nerves
I - sympathetic nerves, insulin

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18
Q

State the process of insulin secretion

A

biphasic secretion
1st stage - readily releasable pool and no docking process require
2nd - requires subsequent docking of vesicles

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19
Q

Three parts of small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

20
Q

State four tunics of digestive system/GIT

A 
M.S.M.S
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis external
Serosa
21
Q

State the function of gastrin and how does gastrin work?

A
  • Gastric motility
  • direct via CCk receptors on parietal cell or indirect via activating ECL cells to produce histamine
  • tropic ( target another cell) and trophic roles ( increase mucosa growth)
22
Q

Pernicious anaemia

A

-loss of parietal cells
- not enough vitamin B12
mnemonics - hyper (bigger RBC)

23
Q

State the process of gastrin synthesis

A
  • Preprohormone - 101aa
  • two isoforms - G34 and G17
  • metabolised by kidney, intestine and liver
24
Q

State two main classes of CCK receptors

A
  • CCK1 and CCK2

- CCK1 receptor specific for CCK1/ CCk2 receptor recognise both CCK and gastrin with high affinity

25
Q

State the function of somatostatin in stomach

A
  • delta cell in stomach produce somatostatin at low gastric pH, which inhibits gastrin - reduce gut motility
  • reduces pepsinogen production
  • reduces bile flow & intestinal transport of nutrients and fluid
  • inhibits tissue growth and proliferation
26
Q

Function of GLP-1

A
  • stimulates insulin secretion
  • increase beta cell mass
  • inhibits release of glucagon
  • delays gastric emptying
27
Q

function of incretin

A
  • produce insulin
28
Q

State the process of Glucagon synthesis

A
  • tissue specific processing
  • pancreatic alpha cell - produce glucagon
  • in small intestine L cell - produce GLP-1 and GLP-2
29
Q

What is Gastric inhibitory peptide

A

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

30
Q

State which cells secrete GIP and GLP-1

A

GIP - K cells of duodenum

GLP-1 - L cell of small intestine , pancreas

31
Q

State where is Cholecystokinin made

A
  • I cells of small intestine
32
Q

State the synthesis of cholecystokinin

A
  • 33 amino acid peptide(prepare hormone) cleaved to different sizes ranging from CCK-58 to CCk-8 by post translational processing.
33
Q

State the function of chloecystokinin

A
  • gall bladder
  • pancreas
  • smooth muscle of stomach
  • peripheral nerves
  • reduce satiety
  • inhibits gastric acid secretion by binding to CCk1 receptors on somatostatin cells in the antrum mucosa
34
Q

What stimulated the production of cholecystokinin

A
  • protein/food

- ghrelin

35
Q

Ferguson reflex

A

-positive feedback loop where vaginal distension, cervical stimulation and uterine contraction send signals to hypothalamus which causes pituitary to produce more oxytocin( via oxytocin- producing neurones )

36
Q

State the positive feedback theory for initiation of labor

A
  • mechanical stretch of cervix signals to/ feedback to hypothalamus and pituitary to produce more oxytocin and enhance fundic contraction at the same time for labor
  • oxytocin increase contraction of uterine smooth muscle or myoepithelial that line mammary gland ducts
37
Q

Cushing”s syndrome

A

excessive production of cortisol ( rmb fat hormone - change in facial appearance , abdominal fat,backpain,depression

38
Q

an enzyme which is only form in ZF, ZR to produce estradiol

A

Cyp17 -17 alpha hydroxylase

39
Q

enzyme which convert cholesterol to pregnenolone

A

P450SCC-cholesterol cleavage enzyme

40
Q

effect of cortisol

A
  • maintain cardiac output( arteriolar tone)
  • inhibit inflammatory and immune response
  • promotes foetal lung and production of surfactant
  • increases glomerular filtration and water clearance
  • modulate emotional tone and wakefulness
  • decrease muscle mass
41
Q

pathway of cortisol/glucocorticoids production

A

hypothalamus - CRH - produce POMC from anterior pituitary gland - ACTH - adrenal cortex - cortisol - (target organs - muscle, bone, tissue, heart, liver & dampens immune system)

42
Q

pathway of how ACTH receptor induces cAMP and steroidogenesis

A

ACTh binds - CAMP - Star allows cholesterol to enter mitochondria -(P450SCC) form pregnenolone- (3beta-HSD) progesterone- (21beta-hydoxylase) deoxycorticosterone - (11beta hydroxylase/aldosterone synthase) corticosterone - aldosterone - ( 17alpha-hydroxylase)- cortisol

43
Q

sTAR

A

Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein

44
Q

3beta-HSD

A

3beta-hydoxysteroid dehydrogenase

45
Q

causes of cushing’s syndrome

A
  • overproduction of cortisol
  • ACTH dependent(pituitary dependent, ectopic ACTH and ACTH adminstration) / ACTH independent(adrenal adenomas and carcinomas)
46
Q

cause of addison disease

A
  • autoimmune disease

- tuberculosis

MCB (4 decks)

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