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Phase 2a pre clinical > endocrinology > Flashcards

endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

health implications of obesity

A 
heart disease
stroke
depression
sleep apnoea
type 2 diabetes
osteoarthritis 
cancer
liver disease
reproductive complication
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2
Q

poor nutrition in childhood

A

emotional and behavioural= stigma, bullying, self esteem

education= school absence

physical health

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3
Q

obesity

A

BMI >30

>40= morbidly obese

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4
Q

obesity prevalence

A

around 60% of UK is overweight or obese

prevalence is increasing

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5
Q

inequalities of obesity

A

ethnicity

education

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6
Q

national action for obesity

A 
labelling
sugar eduction
schools
retail
marketing
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7
Q

endocrinology

A

study of hormones and their gland of origin, their receptors, intracellular signalling pathways and associated diseases

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8
Q

hormone

A

to excite

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9
Q

endocrine

A

within

glands pour secretions into blood stream

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10
Q

exocrine

A

outside

glands pour secretions through a duct to side of action

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11
Q

hormone action

A

endocrine- act at distant sites
paracrine- act on adjacent cells
autocrine- feedback on same cell that secreted hormone

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12
Q

fat soluble hormones

A

transport= protein bound
cell interaction=diffuse into cell
half-life=long
clearance=slow

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13
Q

water soluble hormones

A

transport=unbound
cell interaction=surface receptor
half-life=short
clearance=fast

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14
Q

hormone classes

A

peptide
amines
iodothyronines
cholesterol derivatives and steroids

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15
Q

peptides

A
  • vary in length
  • linear or ring structure
  • stored in secretory granules
  • water soluble
  • released in pulses or bursts
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16
Q

peptide hormone storage

A

synthesis= preprohormones -> prohormone
packaging= prohormones -> hormones
storage and secretion= hormones

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17
Q

insulin receptors

A

insulin binds and phosphorylation of receptor occurs
tyrosine kinase now active
signal molecules are phosphorylated causing cascade effect and glucose is taken in

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18
Q

amines

A

derive from tyrosine

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19
Q

adrenoceptor activation

A

stimulate sympathetic nervous system

alpha and beta adrenoceptors

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20
Q

iodothyronines

A
  • 99% are protein bound as fat soluble
  • 20% of T3 is secreted from thyroid: thyroglobulin released into colloid acts as a base for TH synthesis
  • iodine and tyrosine molecules form -iodothyronines
  • conjugation of these gives rise to T3 and T4 and stored in colloid, bound to thyroglobulin
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21
Q

synthesis of thyroxines

A
  1. Thyroglobulin is synthesised and discharged into the follicle lumen
  2. Iodide is actively transported in
  3. Iodide is oxidised to iodine
  4. Iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid, forming
    DIT and MIT
  5. Iodinated tyrosines are linked together to form
    T3 and T4
  6. Thyroglobulin colloid is endocytosed and combined with a lysosome
  7. Lysosomal enzymes cleave T4 and T3 from thyroglobulin and hormones diffuse into
    bloodstream
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22
Q

hormone receptors in cell membrane

A

peptide

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23
Q

hormone receptors in cytoplasm

A

steroid

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24
Q

hormone receptors in nucleus

A

thyroid hormone
oestrogen
vitamin D

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25
steroid action
diffuses through plasma membrane and binds to receptor receptor-hormone complex enters nucleus and binds to GRE this initiates transcription of gene into mRNA this directs protein synthesis
26
control of hormone secretion
basal secretion= continuously pulsatile superadded rhythms e.g. day/night cycle release inhibiting factors releasing factors
27
diurnal rhythms
biological rhythm that is synchronised with day/night cycle | may or may not be a circadian rhythms
28
hormone metabolism
increased metabolism to reduce function
29
hormone receptor induction
e.g. induction of LH receptors by FSH in follicle
30
hormone receptor down regulation
hormone secreted in large quantities cause down regulation of its target receptors
31
synergism
combined effects of two hormones amplified
32
antagonism
one hormone opposes the other hormone
33
negative feedback
diminution or counteraction of an effect by its own influence on the process initial stimulus -> response -> decrease stimulus -> response loop shuts off
34
positive feedback
enhancing or amplification of an effect by its own influence on the process initial stimulus -> response -> increase stimulus -> outside factor required to shut off
35
vasopressin release
increased osmolarity decreased blood volume nausea, vomiting, stress, exercise
36
vasopressin action
increased ACTH vasonconstriction increased H2O retention
37
oxytocin release
suckling | uterine contractions
38
oxytocin action
milk ejection | labour
39
pituitary dysfunction
tumour mass effects hormone excess hormone deficiency investigate with hormonal test and MRI
40
thyroid hormones function
- accelerates food metabolism - increases protein synthesis - stimulation of carb metabolism - enhances fat metabolism - increase CO of and HR - growth rate accelerated - brain development during foetal life
41
T4 and T3 half life
T4 turns into T3 half life of T4 is 5-7 days t3 is 1 day
42
cortisol action
metabolic and stress hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis activates anti-stress and anti-inflammatory pathway
43
adrenals
``` steroids: -mineralocorticoids -glucocorticoids -androgens amino-acid derived (produced in adrenal medulla): -epinephrine -norepinephrine ```
44
androgens
androstenedione dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) produced in zona reticularis
45
glucocorticoids
cortisol androgens produced in zona fasiculata
46
mineralocorticoids
aldosterone produced in zona glomerulosa
47
adrenal hormones in short term stress
HR and BP increased bronchioles dilate glycogenolysis reduced blood flow to digestive system and urine output
48
adrenal hormones in long-term stress
kidneys retain sodium and water blood volume and BP rise proteins and fats converted to glucose -> blood glucose increases immune system suppression
49
endocrine tissues
``` pituitary thyroid parathyroid adrenal pancreas ovary testes ```
50
other hormone tissues
``` heart- atrial natriuretic peptide liver- insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) kidney- erythropoietin Gi tract- gastrin lung blood vessels ```
51
appetite
desire to eat food
52
hunger
need of eating
53
anorexia
lack of appetite
54
satiety
feeling of fullness
55
BMI definition
weight (kg)/ height (m2)
56
BMI categories
``` <18.5 underweight 18.5-24.9 normal 25-29.9 overweight 30-39.9 obese >40 morbidly obese ```
57
health risk of obesity
``` type 2 diabetes hypertension coronary artery disease stroke osteoarthritis cancer obstructive sleep apnoea ```
58
obesity and sleep
shift work is associated with increased obesity metabolic circadian rhythm- cortisol levels are higher and leptin levels are lower- increasing risk of obesity with sleep deprivation
59
why we eat
internal physiological drive external psychological drive feelings that prompt thought of food
60
nutrients
highly refined sugar= quick and short satiety low glycaemic index food= slower and longer satiety high protein= prolonged satiety
61
hypothalamus and appetite
lateral hypothalamus = hunger centre | ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus= satiety centre
62
leptin
expressed in white fat binds to leptin receptor switches off appetite and is immunostimulatory blood levels increase/decrease after meal/fasting (respectively)
63
peptide YY
secreted by neuroendocrine cells in ileum, pancreas and colon in response to food inhibits gastric motility and reduces appetite
64
cholecytstokinin
receptors in pyloric sphincter delays gastric emptying gall bladder contraction insulin release
65
ghrelin
stimulates appetite | blood levels high when fasting

Phase 2a pre clinical (6 decks)

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