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Phase 2a pre clinical > endocrinology > Flashcards

endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

health implications of obesity

A 
heart disease
stroke
depression
sleep apnoea
type 2 diabetes
osteoarthritis 
cancer
liver disease
reproductive complication
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2
Q

poor nutrition in childhood

A

emotional and behavioural= stigma, bullying, self esteem

education= school absence

physical health

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3
Q

obesity

A

BMI >30

>40= morbidly obese

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4
Q

obesity prevalence

A

around 60% of UK is overweight or obese

prevalence is increasing

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5
Q

inequalities of obesity

A

ethnicity

education

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6
Q

national action for obesity

A 
labelling
sugar eduction
schools
retail
marketing
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7
Q

endocrinology

A

study of hormones and their gland of origin, their receptors, intracellular signalling pathways and associated diseases

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8
Q

hormone

A

to excite

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9
Q

endocrine

A

within

glands pour secretions into blood stream

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10
Q

exocrine

A

outside

glands pour secretions through a duct to side of action

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11
Q

hormone action

A

endocrine- act at distant sites
paracrine- act on adjacent cells
autocrine- feedback on same cell that secreted hormone

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12
Q

fat soluble hormones

A

transport= protein bound
cell interaction=diffuse into cell
half-life=long
clearance=slow

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13
Q

water soluble hormones

A

transport=unbound
cell interaction=surface receptor
half-life=short
clearance=fast

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14
Q

hormone classes

A

peptide
amines
iodothyronines
cholesterol derivatives and steroids

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15
Q

peptides

A
  • vary in length
  • linear or ring structure
  • stored in secretory granules
  • water soluble
  • released in pulses or bursts
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16
Q

peptide hormone storage

A

synthesis= preprohormones -> prohormone
packaging= prohormones -> hormones
storage and secretion= hormones

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17
Q

insulin receptors

A

insulin binds and phosphorylation of receptor occurs
tyrosine kinase now active
signal molecules are phosphorylated causing cascade effect and glucose is taken in

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18
Q

amines

A

derive from tyrosine

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19
Q

adrenoceptor activation

A

stimulate sympathetic nervous system

alpha and beta adrenoceptors

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20
Q

iodothyronines

A
  • 99% are protein bound as fat soluble
  • 20% of T3 is secreted from thyroid: thyroglobulin released into colloid acts as a base for TH synthesis
  • iodine and tyrosine molecules form -iodothyronines
  • conjugation of these gives rise to T3 and T4 and stored in colloid, bound to thyroglobulin
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21
Q

synthesis of thyroxines

A
  1. Thyroglobulin is synthesised and discharged into the follicle lumen
  2. Iodide is actively transported in
  3. Iodide is oxidised to iodine
  4. Iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid, forming
    DIT and MIT
  5. Iodinated tyrosines are linked together to form
    T3 and T4
  6. Thyroglobulin colloid is endocytosed and combined with a lysosome
  7. Lysosomal enzymes cleave T4 and T3 from thyroglobulin and hormones diffuse into
    bloodstream
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22
Q

hormone receptors in cell membrane

A

peptide

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23
Q

hormone receptors in cytoplasm

A

steroid

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24
Q

hormone receptors in nucleus

A

thyroid hormone
oestrogen
vitamin D

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25
Q

steroid action

A

diffuses through plasma membrane and binds to receptor
receptor-hormone complex enters nucleus and binds to GRE
this initiates transcription of gene into mRNA
this directs protein synthesis

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26
Q

control of hormone secretion

A

basal secretion= continuously pulsatile
superadded rhythms e.g. day/night cycle
release inhibiting factors
releasing factors

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27
Q

diurnal rhythms

A

biological rhythm that is synchronised with day/night cycle

may or may not be a circadian rhythms

28
Q

hormone metabolism

A

increased metabolism to reduce function

29
Q

hormone receptor induction

A

e.g. induction of LH receptors by FSH in follicle

30
Q

hormone receptor down regulation

A

hormone secreted in large quantities cause down regulation of its target receptors

31
Q

synergism

A

combined effects of two hormones amplified

32
Q

antagonism

A

one hormone opposes the other hormone

33
Q

negative feedback

A

diminution or counteraction of an effect by its own influence on the process

initial stimulus -> response -> decrease stimulus -> response loop shuts off

34
Q

positive feedback

A

enhancing or amplification of an effect by its own influence on the process

initial stimulus -> response -> increase stimulus -> outside factor required to shut off

35
Q

vasopressin release

A

increased osmolarity
decreased blood volume
nausea, vomiting, stress, exercise

36
Q

vasopressin action

A

increased ACTH
vasonconstriction
increased H2O retention

37
Q

oxytocin release

A

suckling

uterine contractions

38
Q

oxytocin action

A

milk ejection

labour

39
Q

pituitary dysfunction

A

tumour mass effects
hormone excess
hormone deficiency

investigate with hormonal test and MRI

40
Q

thyroid hormones function

A
  • accelerates food metabolism
  • increases protein synthesis
  • stimulation of carb metabolism
  • enhances fat metabolism
  • increase CO of and HR
  • growth rate accelerated
  • brain development during foetal life
41
Q

T4 and T3 half life

A

T4 turns into T3
half life of T4 is 5-7 days
t3 is 1 day

42
Q

cortisol action

A

metabolic and stress hormone

stimulates gluconeogenesis
activates anti-stress and anti-inflammatory pathway

43
Q

adrenals

A 
steroids:
-mineralocorticoids
-glucocorticoids
-androgens
amino-acid derived (produced in adrenal medulla):
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
44
Q

androgens

A

androstenedione
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

produced in zona reticularis

45
Q

glucocorticoids

A

cortisol androgens

produced in zona fasiculata

46
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone

produced in zona glomerulosa

47
Q

adrenal hormones in short term stress

A

HR and BP increased
bronchioles dilate
glycogenolysis
reduced blood flow to digestive system and urine output

48
Q

adrenal hormones in long-term stress

A

kidneys retain sodium and water
blood volume and BP rise
proteins and fats converted to glucose -> blood glucose increases
immune system suppression

49
Q

endocrine tissues

A 
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pancreas
ovary
testes
50
Q

other hormone tissues

A 
heart- atrial natriuretic peptide
liver- insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) 
kidney- erythropoietin 
Gi tract- gastrin
lung
blood vessels
51
Q

appetite

A

desire to eat food

52
Q

hunger

A

need of eating

53
Q

anorexia

A

lack of appetite

54
Q

satiety

A

feeling of fullness

55
Q

BMI definition

A

weight (kg)/ height (m2)

56
Q

BMI categories

A 
<18.5 underweight
18.5-24.9 normal
25-29.9 overweight
30-39.9 obese
>40 morbidly obese
57
Q

health risk of obesity

A 
type 2 diabetes
hypertension
coronary artery disease
stroke
osteoarthritis 
cancer
obstructive sleep apnoea
58
Q

obesity and sleep

A

shift work is associated with increased obesity

metabolic circadian rhythm- cortisol levels are higher and leptin levels are lower- increasing risk of obesity with sleep deprivation

59
Q

why we eat

A

internal physiological drive
external psychological drive
feelings that prompt thought of food

60
Q

nutrients

A

highly refined sugar= quick and short satiety
low glycaemic index food= slower and longer satiety
high protein= prolonged satiety

61
Q

hypothalamus and appetite

A

lateral hypothalamus = hunger centre

ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus= satiety centre

62
Q

leptin

A

expressed in white fat
binds to leptin receptor
switches off appetite and is immunostimulatory

blood levels increase/decrease after meal/fasting (respectively)

63
Q

peptide YY

A

secreted by neuroendocrine cells in ileum, pancreas and colon in response to food

inhibits gastric motility and reduces appetite

64
Q

cholecytstokinin

A

receptors in pyloric sphincter
delays gastric emptying
gall bladder contraction
insulin release

65
Q

ghrelin

A

stimulates appetite

blood levels high when fasting

Phase 2a pre clinical (6 decks)

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