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Phase 2a pre clinical > definitions > Flashcards

definitions Flashcards

1
Q

pathogen

A

organism that is capable of or causes disease

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2
Q

commensal

A

organism that colonises the host but causes no disease in normal circumstances

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3
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

microbe that only causes disease if the host defences are compromised

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4
Q

pathogenicity

A

the degree to which an organism is pathogenic

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5
Q

asymptomatic carriage

A

when a pathogen is carried harmlessly at a tissue site where it causes no disease

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6
Q

endotoxin

A

component of the outer membrane of bacteria

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7
Q

exotoxin

A

secreted proteins of bacteria

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8
Q

pre-patent period

A

the interval between infection and the appearance of eggs in stool

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9
Q

infectivity

A

the ability to become established in a host

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10
Q

virulence

A

the ability to cause disease once established

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11
Q

invasiveness

A

the capacity to penetrate mucosal surfaces to reach normally sterile sites

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12
Q

antigenic drift

A

spontaneous mutations occur gradually, giving minor changed in haemagglutinin and neuraminidase

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13
Q

antigenic shift

A

sudden emergence of new subtype different to that of preceding virus

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14
Q

antibiotic

A

agents produced by micro organisms that kill or inhibit growth of other microorganisms

usually means antibacterial

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15
Q

bacteriostatic

A

prevents growth of bacteria

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16
Q

bactericidal

A

kills bacteria

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17
Q

minimum inhibitory concentration

A

conc. required to stop bacteria from multiplying

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18
Q

minimum bactericidal concentration

A

lowest conc. of antibacterial agent required to kill a particular form of bacterium

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19
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

movement of a drug from its administration site to place of its pharmacologic activity and then its elimination from the body

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20
Q

acquired resistance

A

bacterium that was previously susceptible to an antibiotic now obtains the ability to resist that antibiotics activity

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21
Q

conjugation

A

sharing of extra-chromosomal DNA plasmids

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22
Q

transduction

A

insertion of bacterial DNA by bacteriophages

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23
Q

transformation

A

picked up naked DNA

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24
Q

cell tropism

A

cells of a host support growth of a particular virus or bacterium

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25
Q

confidentiality

A

right of an individual to have persona, identifiable medical information kept private

such info should only be available to the physician on record and other health care personnel as necessary

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26
Q

acute HIV

A

condition that can develop as early as two to four weeks after someone contracts HIV

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27
Q

seroconversion

A

the period of time during which HIV antibodies develop and become detectable

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28
Q

clinical latency

A

state or period of HIV living or developing in a host without producing clinical symptoms

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29
Q

AIDS

A

CD4 is <200 or an AIDS defining illness is present

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30
Q

AIDS defining illness

A

illnesses directly associated with advanced HIV

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31
Q

embolism

A

mass of material in the vascular system able to become lodged within the vessel and block it

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32
Q

ischaemia

A

reduction in blood flow to a tissue without any other implications- inadequate blood supply

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33
Q

infarction

A

reduction in blood flow resulting in subsequent local cell death

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34
Q

atheroma

A

pathology of arteries in which there is deposition of lipids in the arterial wall with surrounding fibrosis and chronic inflammation

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35
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death of a single cell

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36
Q

necrosis

A

unprogrammed cell death of a large number of cells due to an adverse event

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37
Q

genetic disease

A

disease that occurs primarily from a genetic abnormality

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38
Q

inherited disease

A

caused by an inherited genetic abnormality

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39
Q

single gene disorder

A

abnormality of a single gene that causes the disease

40
Q

dominant

A

disease is present where there is only one copy of the abnormal gene- e.g. Huntington’s

41
Q

recessive

A

only expressed if both copies of the gene are abnormal

42
Q

co-dominant

A

both alleles are expressed- e.g. AB blood group

43
Q

autosomal

A

occurring on the non-sex chromosomes

44
Q

sex-linked

A

occur on the sex chromosomes

45
Q

polygenic disorder

A

diseases that are a result of the interaction of several different genes, usually on different chromosomes

46
Q

congenital

A

diseases present at birth

47
Q

acquired

A

diseases or medical condition developed or originating after birth

48
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size of tissue caused by an increase in the size of the cells without an increase in the number of cells

49
Q

hyperplasia

A

increased growth of a tissue caused by an increase in the number of cells

50
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size of a tissue caused by a decrease in number of constituent cells and/or a decrease in their size

51
Q

metaplasia

A

the reversible transformation of one mature cell type into another fully differentiated cell type

52
Q

dysplasia

A

premalignant condition characterised by increased growth, cellular atypia and decreased differentiation

53
Q

ageing

A

progressive losses of various functions and accumulation of diseases

54
Q

carcinogenesis

A

the transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations

55
Q

carcinogenic

A

cancer causing

56
Q

oncogenic

A

tumour causing

57
Q

cancer

A

genetic term for malignant tumour

58
Q

neoplasm

A

a lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed

59
Q

benign neoplasm

A

generally slow growing lesions which closely resemble the parent tissue and remain localised

60
Q

malignant neoplasm

A

have the capacity to invade the surrounding tissue, grow rapidly and show a variable resemblance to the parent tissue

61
Q

histogenesis

A

the specific cell of origin of a tumour

62
Q

papilloma

A

benign tumour of non-glandular, non-secretory epithelium

63
Q

adenomas

A

benign tumour of glandular, secretory epithelium

64
Q

adenocarcinomas

A

carcinomas of glandular epithelium

65
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant connective tusse neoplasms

66
Q

anaplastic

A

cell type of origin is unknown

67
Q

metastasis

A

process by which a malignant tumour spreads from its primary site to produce secondary tumours

68
Q

thrombosis

A

the formation of a solid mass from blood constituents in an intact vessel in a living person

69
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant tumour of epithelial cells

70
Q

partial agonists

A

drugs that bind to and activate a receptor but only have partial efficacy

71
Q

affinity

A

how well a ligand binds to a receptor

72
Q

efficacy

A

how well a ligand activates the receptor- maximum response achievable from the drug

73
Q

potency

A

measure of drug activity expressed in terms of the amount required to produce an effect of a given intensity

74
Q

allosteric modulation

A

substance that indirectly influences the effects of a primary ligand that directly activates or deactivates the function of a target protein

75
Q

inverse agonism

A

agent that binds to same receptor as an agonist but induces a pharmacological response opposite of the agonist

76
Q

tolerance

A

reduction in the drugs effect over time due to prolonged use

77
Q

enzyme inhibitor

A

molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity

78
Q

xenobiotics

A

compounds foreign to an organisms normal biochemistry such as any drug or poison

79
Q

absorption

A

process of transfer from the site of administration into the general or systemic circulation

80
Q

half life

A

time taken for a conc. to reduce by a half

81
Q

bioavailability

A

fraction of the administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation unaltered

82
Q

distribution

A

rate and extent of movement of a drug into and out of tissues.

83
Q

clearance

A

volume of blood or plasma cleared of drug per unit time

84
Q

adverse drug reaction

A

unwanted or harmful reaction following administration of a drug or combination of rugs under normal condition of use and is suspected to be relation to the drug

85
Q

side effect

A

an unintended effect of a drug related to its pharmacological properties and can induce unexpected benefits of treatment

86
Q

physiochemical

A

reaction of drugs with each other

87
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

the effect a drug has on the body

88
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

what the body does to the drug

89
Q

drug

A

a medicine or other substance that has a physiological effect when administered

90
Q

pharmacology

A

branch of medicine concerned with uses, effects and modes of actions of drugs

91
Q

drugability

A

the ability of a protein target to bind small molecules with high affinity

92
Q

receptor

A

a component of a cell that interacts with a specific ligand and initiates a change of biochemical events- leading to the ligands observed effects

93
Q

agonist

A

compound that binds to a receptor and activates it

94
Q

antagonist

A

a compound that reduces the effect of the agonist

95
Q

ligand

A

a molecule that binds to another molecule

96
Q

full agonists

A

drugs that have full efficacy at the receptor

Phase 2a pre clinical (6 decks)

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