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Phase 2a pre clinical > definitions > Flashcards

definitions Flashcards

1
Q

pathogen

A

organism that is capable of or causes disease

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2
Q

commensal

A

organism that colonises the host but causes no disease in normal circumstances

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3
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

microbe that only causes disease if the host defences are compromised

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4
Q

pathogenicity

A

the degree to which an organism is pathogenic

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5
Q

asymptomatic carriage

A

when a pathogen is carried harmlessly at a tissue site where it causes no disease

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6
Q

endotoxin

A

component of the outer membrane of bacteria

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7
Q

exotoxin

A

secreted proteins of bacteria

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8
Q

pre-patent period

A

the interval between infection and the appearance of eggs in stool

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9
Q

infectivity

A

the ability to become established in a host

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10
Q

virulence

A

the ability to cause disease once established

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11
Q

invasiveness

A

the capacity to penetrate mucosal surfaces to reach normally sterile sites

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12
Q

antigenic drift

A

spontaneous mutations occur gradually, giving minor changed in haemagglutinin and neuraminidase

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13
Q

antigenic shift

A

sudden emergence of new subtype different to that of preceding virus

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14
Q

antibiotic

A

agents produced by micro organisms that kill or inhibit growth of other microorganisms

usually means antibacterial

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15
Q

bacteriostatic

A

prevents growth of bacteria

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16
Q

bactericidal

A

kills bacteria

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17
Q

minimum inhibitory concentration

A

conc. required to stop bacteria from multiplying

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18
Q

minimum bactericidal concentration

A

lowest conc. of antibacterial agent required to kill a particular form of bacterium

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19
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

movement of a drug from its administration site to place of its pharmacologic activity and then its elimination from the body

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20
Q

acquired resistance

A

bacterium that was previously susceptible to an antibiotic now obtains the ability to resist that antibiotics activity

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21
Q

conjugation

A

sharing of extra-chromosomal DNA plasmids

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22
Q

transduction

A

insertion of bacterial DNA by bacteriophages

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23
Q

transformation

A

picked up naked DNA

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24
Q

cell tropism

A

cells of a host support growth of a particular virus or bacterium

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25
confidentiality
right of an individual to have persona, identifiable medical information kept private such info should only be available to the physician on record and other health care personnel as necessary
26
acute HIV
condition that can develop as early as two to four weeks after someone contracts HIV
27
seroconversion
the period of time during which HIV antibodies develop and become detectable
28
clinical latency
state or period of HIV living or developing in a host without producing clinical symptoms
29
AIDS
CD4 is <200 or an AIDS defining illness is present
30
AIDS defining illness
illnesses directly associated with advanced HIV
31
embolism
mass of material in the vascular system able to become lodged within the vessel and block it
32
ischaemia
reduction in blood flow to a tissue without any other implications- inadequate blood supply
33
infarction
reduction in blood flow resulting in subsequent local cell death
34
atheroma
pathology of arteries in which there is deposition of lipids in the arterial wall with surrounding fibrosis and chronic inflammation
35
apoptosis
programmed cell death of a single cell
36
necrosis
unprogrammed cell death of a large number of cells due to an adverse event
37
genetic disease
disease that occurs primarily from a genetic abnormality
38
inherited disease
caused by an inherited genetic abnormality
39
single gene disorder
abnormality of a single gene that causes the disease
40
dominant
disease is present where there is only one copy of the abnormal gene- e.g. Huntington's
41
recessive
only expressed if both copies of the gene are abnormal
42
co-dominant
both alleles are expressed- e.g. AB blood group
43
autosomal
occurring on the non-sex chromosomes
44
sex-linked
occur on the sex chromosomes
45
polygenic disorder
diseases that are a result of the interaction of several different genes, usually on different chromosomes
46
congenital
diseases present at birth
47
acquired
diseases or medical condition developed or originating after birth
48
hypertrophy
increase in size of tissue caused by an increase in the size of the cells without an increase in the number of cells
49
hyperplasia
increased growth of a tissue caused by an increase in the number of cells
50
atrophy
decrease in size of a tissue caused by a decrease in number of constituent cells and/or a decrease in their size
51
metaplasia
the reversible transformation of one mature cell type into another fully differentiated cell type
52
dysplasia
premalignant condition characterised by increased growth, cellular atypia and decreased differentiation
53
ageing
progressive losses of various functions and accumulation of diseases
54
carcinogenesis
the transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations
55
carcinogenic
cancer causing
56
oncogenic
tumour causing
57
cancer
genetic term for malignant tumour
58
neoplasm
a lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed
59
benign neoplasm
generally slow growing lesions which closely resemble the parent tissue and remain localised
60
malignant neoplasm
have the capacity to invade the surrounding tissue, grow rapidly and show a variable resemblance to the parent tissue
61
histogenesis
the specific cell of origin of a tumour
62
papilloma
benign tumour of non-glandular, non-secretory epithelium
63
adenomas
benign tumour of glandular, secretory epithelium
64
adenocarcinomas
carcinomas of glandular epithelium
65
sarcoma
malignant connective tusse neoplasms
66
anaplastic
cell type of origin is unknown
67
metastasis
process by which a malignant tumour spreads from its primary site to produce secondary tumours
68
thrombosis
the formation of a solid mass from blood constituents in an intact vessel in a living person
69
carcinoma
malignant tumour of epithelial cells
70
partial agonists
drugs that bind to and activate a receptor but only have partial efficacy
71
affinity
how well a ligand binds to a receptor
72
efficacy
how well a ligand activates the receptor- maximum response achievable from the drug
73
potency
measure of drug activity expressed in terms of the amount required to produce an effect of a given intensity
74
allosteric modulation
substance that indirectly influences the effects of a primary ligand that directly activates or deactivates the function of a target protein
75
inverse agonism
agent that binds to same receptor as an agonist but induces a pharmacological response opposite of the agonist
76
tolerance
reduction in the drugs effect over time due to prolonged use
77
enzyme inhibitor
molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity
78
xenobiotics
compounds foreign to an organisms normal biochemistry such as any drug or poison
79
absorption
process of transfer from the site of administration into the general or systemic circulation
80
half life
time taken for a conc. to reduce by a half
81
bioavailability
fraction of the administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation unaltered
82
distribution
rate and extent of movement of a drug into and out of tissues.
83
clearance
volume of blood or plasma cleared of drug per unit time
84
adverse drug reaction
unwanted or harmful reaction following administration of a drug or combination of rugs under normal condition of use and is suspected to be relation to the drug
85
side effect
an unintended effect of a drug related to its pharmacological properties and can induce unexpected benefits of treatment
86
physiochemical
reaction of drugs with each other
87
pharmacodynamics
the effect a drug has on the body
88
pharmacokinetics
what the body does to the drug
89
drug
a medicine or other substance that has a physiological effect when administered
90
pharmacology
branch of medicine concerned with uses, effects and modes of actions of drugs
91
drugability
the ability of a protein target to bind small molecules with high affinity
92
receptor
a component of a cell that interacts with a specific ligand and initiates a change of biochemical events- leading to the ligands observed effects
93
agonist
compound that binds to a receptor and activates it
94
antagonist
a compound that reduces the effect of the agonist
95
ligand
a molecule that binds to another molecule
96
full agonists
drugs that have full efficacy at the receptor

Phase 2a pre clinical (6 decks)

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