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Drug Profiles > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Drug Class: insulin

A

peptide hormone

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2
Q

Insulin - how does it work?

A

stimulates glucose uptake, metabolism, absorption by skeletal muscle. Drives K into cells

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3
Q

Indications: insulin

A

type 1 diabetes, type II diabetes, hyperkalaemia, diabetic ketoacidosis

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4
Q

Contra-indications: insulin

A

renal impairment, hypoglycaemia

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5
Q

Side effects: insulin

A

hypoglycaemia, fat overgrowth, weight gain, hypersensitivity

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6
Q

Interactions: insulin

A

corticosteroids, B-blockers (mask warning signs of hypoglycaemia)

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7
Q

Drug class: gliclazide

A

Sulphonylureas

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8
Q

Gliclazide - how does it work?

A

stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion, block K channels, increases Ca in pancreatic B cells

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9
Q

Indications: gliclazide

A

type II diabetes, reduce metformin complications

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10
Q

Contra-indications: gliclazide

A

hepatic/renal/adrenal/pituitary insufficiency, malnutrition, elderly

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11
Q

Side effects: gliclazide

A

hypoglycaemia, fat overgrowth

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12
Q

Interactions: gliclazide

A

thiazide diuretics, metformin, insulin, prednisolone

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13
Q

Drug class: metformin

A

Biguanide

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14
Q

How does it work - metformin

A

increases insulin sensitivity, suppresses glucose production, reduces weight gain

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15
Q

Indications: metformin

A

type II diabetes

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16
Q

Contra-indications: metformin

A

renal/hepatic impairment, AKI, severe tissue hypoxia

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17
Q

Side effects: metformin

A

GI issues, lactic acidosis, hypoglcaemia

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18
Q

Interactions: metformin

A

alcohol, prednisolone

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19
Q

Example - thyroid hormones

A

thyroxine, liothyronine

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20
Q

How does it work? - thyroxine

A

mimics T4 to stimulate metabolism/growth

21
Q

Indications: thyroxine

A

hypothyroidism

22
Q

Contra-indications: thyroxine

A

coronary artery disease

23
Q

Side effects: thyroxine

A

GI upset, palpitations, arrhythmia, angina, tremor, restlessness

24
Q

Interactions: thyroxine

A

antacids, cytochrome p450 inducers, insulin, alcohol

25
Example - anti-thyroid drugs
carbimazole
26
How does it work - carbimazole
converted to methimazole. Inhibits tyrosine. Reduced T3/T4 production
27
Indications: carbimazole
hyperthyroidism
28
Contra-indications: carbimazole
pregnancy
29
Side effects: carbimazole
GI problems, headache, rash, hypothyroidism
30
interactions: carbimazole
calcium salts, NSAIDs
31
Drug Class: colecalciferol
calcium salts
32
how does it work? - colecalciferol
parathyroid hormones and vitamin D. Maintain calcium levels and bone mineralisation. Calcium binds phosphate to gut. Non-renal activated vitamin D source. Raises myocardial threshold potential, reduced excitability
33
Indications: colecalciferol
osteoperosis, hyperparathyroidism, rickets, hyperkalaemia, hypocalcaemia, osteomalacia
34
Contra-indications: colecalciferol
hypercalcaemia, metastatic calcification
35
Side effects: colecalciferol
dyspepsia, constipation, cardiovascular damage, tissue damage
36
Interactions: colecalciferol
bisphosphonates, tetracyclines, levothyroxine, calcium IV precipitation with sodium bicarbonate
37
Example: bisphosphonates
aledronic acid
38
How does it work? - aledronic acid
bone resorption, reduce bone marrow turnover, inhibit osteoclasts, less bone loss, more bone mass
39
Indications: aledronic acid
osteoporotic fractures, malignant hypercalcaemia, Pagets disease, bone metastasis
40
Contra-indications: aledronic acid
renal impairment, hypcalcaemia, upper GI issues, smokers
41
Side effects: aledronic acid
oesophagitis, hypophosphataemia, jaw osteonecrosis
42
Interactions: aledronic acid
calcium salts, antacids, iron salts
43
Example - mineralcorticoids
fludrocortisone
44
How does it work? - fludrocortisone
replaces aldosterone. Causes an increase in ion and water transport. increased extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure and decreased K level
45
Indications - fludrocortisone
postural hypotension, adrenal insufficiency, Addison's disease
46
Contra-indications: fludrocortisone
TB, fungal infections, hypothyroidism, diabetes
47
Side effects: fludrocortisone
hypertension, swelling, heart failure, hypokalaemia
48
Interactions: fludrocortisone
diuretics, NSAIDs

Drug Profiles (3 decks)

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