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Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of penicillins

A

amoxicillin, flucloxacillin, ampicillin

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2
Q

Class of penicillins

A

B-lactam antibiotics

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3
Q

how do penicillins work?

A

cell wall synthesis inhibitors. bacteriacidal. prevents cross linking between peptidoglycan chains

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4
Q

What are penicillins used for?

A

broad spectrum. UTI, otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis. Gram negative bacteria (strep/staph). Gram negative bacteria (H.influenza). H.pylori

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5
Q

Contra-indications for penicillin

A

hypersensitivity (also sensitive to cephalosporins and other B-lactams)

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6
Q

Penicillin side effects

A

GI effects. Rash/anaphylaxis. Oral candidosis. Mac-pap rashes = ampicillin/amoxicillin

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7
Q

penicillin interactions

A

methotrexate (increases toxicity). warfarin (increase blood thinning). allopurinol (increases chance if rash)

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8
Q

Cephalosporin examples

A

cephradine, cephalexin, cefazolin

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9
Q

cephalosporins drug class

A

B lactam antibiotics

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10
Q

How do cephalosporins work?

A

disrupts synthesis of peptidoglycan layer so less susceptible to B-lactamases

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11
Q

indications: cephalosporins

A

very broad - septicaemia, pneumonia, meningitis, peritonitis, surgical prophylaxis

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12
Q

Contra-indications: cephalosporins

A

history of hypersenstivity to penicillin/carbapenams

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13
Q

side effects: cephalosporins

A

diarrhoea, vomiting, hypersensitivity

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14
Q

Interactions: cephalosporins

A

aminoglycosides (nephrotoxicity)

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15
Q

Trimethoprim drug class

A

antifolate

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16
Q

Trimethoprim - how does it work?

A

inhibit folate synthesis - folate essential for DNA synthesis.

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17
Q

indications: trimethoprim

A

UTI. Uncomplicated pyelonephritis and mild acute prostatitis

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18
Q

Contra-indications: trimethoprim

A

pregnancy, renal impairment, blood disorders

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19
Q

Side effects: trimethoprim

A

nausea, rash, GI effects, thrombocytopenia, toxic epidermal necrolysis

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20
Q

Interactions: trimethoprim

A

Ace inhibitors (hyperkalaemia), cyclosporins

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21
Q

Nitrofurantoin - how does it work?

A

damages bacterial DNA. Attacks ribosomes, DNA, respiration

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22
Q

Nitrofurantoin - indications

A

UTI 1st line

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23
Q

Contra-indications: nitrofurantoin

A

decreased renal function. Young babies/elderly. Late pregnancy.

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24
Q

Side effects: nitrofurantoin

A

nausea, headaches

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25
Interactions: nitrofurantoin
Amiodarone (peripheral neuropathy). phenytoin. Metronidazole.
26
Examples: aminoglycosides
gentamicin
27
How does it work? Aminoglycosides
Bacteriacidal. Protein synthesis inhibitors
28
Indications: aminoglycosides
serious gram negative infection. septicaemia, neonatal sepsis, CNS infections, acute pyelonephritis, prostatitis,
29
Contra-indications: aminoglycosides
myasthenia gravis, mitochondrial disease, pregnancy
30
Side effects: aminoglycosides
hearing loss, vestibular damage, vision problems, kidney problems
31
interactions: aminoglycosides
vancomycin (nephrotoxicity/ototoxicity), loop diuretics (nephrotoxicity), cephalosporins (nephrotoxicity), bisphosphonates
32
Examples: tetracyclines
doxycycline, lymecycline
33
Tetracyclines - how does it work?
inhibits protein synthesis. Prevents new amino acids binding to peptide chain
34
Indications: tetracyclines
Lyme disease, chlamydia, acne, cholera, malaria, syphilis. Exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
35
Contra-indications: tetracyclines
children. Acute porphyria, breastfeeding (caution), myasthenia gravis, renal failure
36
Side effects: tetracyclines
GI effects, rash, loss of appetite
37
Interactions: tetracyclines
alcohol (hepatotoxicity), atorvastatin (hepatotoxicity), carbamazepine (hepatotoxicity), warfarin (increases risk of bleeding)
38
Examples: macrolide
erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
39
Macrolides - how do they work?
bacteriostatic activity or inhibits growth of bacteria
40
Indications: macrolides
skin infection. Upper respiratory tract infection. Alternative to penicillin. Chlamydia. mycoplasm pneumoniae.
41
Contra-indications: macrolides
liver disease, heart rhythm disorder, myasthenia gravis
42
side effects: macrolides
GI disturbances. prolonged QT interval, reversible deafness, psychotic reactions, nightmares, night sweats
43
Interactions: macrolides
antihistamines, amiodarone (QT interval), carbamazepine, cyclosporin, digoxin, theophylline, warfarin
44
Examples: quinolones
ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin
45
Quinolones - how do they work?
bacteriacidal. prevent bacterial DNA from unwinding and duplicating
46
Indications: quinolones
HAP, pyelonephritis, 2nd line for CAP
47
contra-indications: quinolones
epilepsy, QT prolongation, CNS lesions, UTIs, GI infection, bone/joint infection, gonorrhoea, septicaemia
48
Side effects: quinolones
risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture, insomnia, restlessness, GI effects
49
Interactions: quinolones
theophylline, warfarin cyclosporin, ibuprofen (seizures)
50
examples: anaerobic antimicrobials
metronidazole
51
Metronidazole- how does it work?
bacteriacidal. inhibits nuclei acid by disrupting function and synthesis of microbial cells
52
Indications - metronidazole
anaerobic protozoal infections, H.pyrlori eradication, rosacea, dental infections, bacterial infections of vagina/stomach
53
Contra-indications: metronidazole
liver disease, kidney disease, Crohn's, anaemia, pregnancy, breastfeeding, hepatic impairment, low white blood cell count
54
Side effects: metronidazole
GI effects, rash/itching, mouth sores, swollen tongue
55
Interactions: metronidazole
alcohol, phenytoin, warfarin
56
Examples: glycopeptides
Vancomycin
57
Vancomycin - how does it work?
inhibits cell wall synthesis by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis
58
Indications: vancomycin
MRSA. C.diff. Allergy to B.lactam. Enterococcal infections. Complicated skin infections. Bloodstream infections. Endocarditis
59
Contra-indications: vancomycin
decreased neutrophils, hypersenstivity, kidney disease, systemic mastocytosis
60
Side effects: vancomycin
allergic reaction. hypotension. bone marrow suppression. thrombophlebitis. kidney/renal toxicity. "red man syndrome"

Drug Profiles (3 decks)

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