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YEAR 3 DRUGS > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What drug class is Insulin?

A

Insulin

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2
Q

What are the indications for Insulin?

A

Type 1 DM
Type 2 DM
Diabetic emergency - DKA
Hyperkalaemia

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3
Q

How does insulin work?

A

Insulin stimulate glycogen, lipid and protein synthesis
Inhibits ketogenesis, gluconeogenesis
Insulin pushes potassium into cells

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4
Q

What are the side effects of insulin?

A

Hypoglycaemia
Lipohypertrophy at injection sites
Weight gain

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5
Q

What are the contraindications of insulin?

A

Renal impairment

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6
Q

Important drug interactions of insulin?

A

Corticosteroids increases insulin requirements

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7
Q

What drug class is Glicazide?

A

Sulphonylureas

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8
Q

What are the indications for Sulphonylureas?

A

Type 2 DM (second line)

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9
Q

How do Sulphonylureas work?

A

Decrease blood glucose

Stimulate pancreas to secrete insulin

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10
Q

What are the side effects of Sulphonylureas?

A

Hypoglycaemia

Weight gain

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11
Q

What are the contraindications of Sulphonylureas?

A

Type 1 DM
Renal impairment
Hepatic impairment

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12
Q

Important drug interactions of Sulphonylureas?

A

Other anti-diabetic drugs - hypos

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13
Q

What drug class is Metformin?

A

Biguanides

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14
Q

What are the indications for Biguanides?

A

DM 2

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15
Q

How do Biguanides work?

A

Increasing the response (sensitivity) to insulin

Reduces weight gain

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16
Q

What are the side effects of Biguanides?

A 
GI upset
Lactic acidosis (rare)
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17
Q

What are the contraindications of Biguanides?

A

Renal impairment
AKI
Severe tissue hypoxia
Acute alcohol intoxication

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18
Q

Important drug interactions of Biguanides?

A

Witheld before and after for 48 hours with IV contrast media
Drugs that impair renal function

19
Q

What drug class is Thyroxine?

A

Thyroid hormones

20
Q

What are the indications for Thyroid hormones?

A

Primary Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism secondary to hypopituitarism

21
Q

How do Thyroid hormones work?

A

Levothyroxine is T4
Liothyronine is T3 (shorter half life)
Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism and growth

22
Q

What are the side effects of Thyroid hormones?

A

Usually due to excessive doses - hyperthyroidism

23
Q

What are the contraindications of Thyroid hormones?

A

Precipitate cardiac ischaemia in coronary artery disease

Must give with a corticosteroid in thyroid hormone replacement to avoid Addisonian crisis

24
Q

Important drug interactions of Thyroid hormones?

A

Increased dose needed in patients taking P450 inducers

25
Q

What drug class is Carbimazole?

A

Anti-thyroid drugs

26
Q

What are the indications for Anti-thyroid drugs?

A

Hyperthyroidism

27
Q

How do Anti-thyroid drugs work?

A

Converted to active form after absorption

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28
Q

What are the side effects of Anti-thyroid drugs?

A 
GI
Headache
Muscle, joint pain
Skin rash
Changes to the way things taste
Mouth ulcers (rare)
29
Q

What are the contraindications of Anti-thyroid drugs?

A

Severe blood disorders
Hepatic impairment
Pregnancy
Breast feeding

30
Q

What are the contraindications of Bisphosphonates?

A

Severe renal impairment
Hypocalcaemia
Not allowed oral in Upper GI disorders
Care in giving to patients that smoke or have dental disease

31
Q

Important drug interactions of Bisphosphonates?

A

Don’t take with calcium - absorption of it will be reduced

32
Q

What drug class is Colecalciferol and Calcium Carbonate?

A

Vitamin D (colecalciferol) and Calcium

33
Q

What drug class is Colecalciferol and Calcium Carbonate?

A

Vitamin D (colecalciferol) and Calcium

34
Q

What are the indications for Vit D and Calcium?

A 
Osteoporosis 
CKD
Severe hyperkalaemia (calcium gluconate)
Hypocalcaemia
Vit D deficiency - Rickets (children), osteomalacia (vit D)
35
Q

How does Vit D and Calcium work?

A

Osteoporosis - (positive calcium balance) when sunlight and diet are insufficient
CKD - secondary hyperparathryoidism leading to renal osteodystrophy
Calcium raises myocardial threshold potential

36
Q

What are the side effects of Vit D and Calcium?

A

Calcium - dyspepsia, constipation

IV calcium gluconate can cause cardiovascular collapse if given too fast

37
Q

What are the contraindications of Vit D and Calcium?

A

Hypercalcaemia

38
Q

Important drug interactions of Vit D and Calcium?

A

Oral calcium reduces absorption of iron, bisphosphonates, tetracyclines and levothyroxine

39
Q

What drug class is Fludrocortisone?

A

Mineralocorticoids

40
Q

What are the indications for Mineralocorticoids?

A

Addison’s disease

Adrenal cortical insufficiency

41
Q

What are the side effects of Mineralocorticoids?

A 
Muscle weakness
Oedema
Hypertension
Impaired wound healing
Hirsutism 
Raised intracranial pressure
42
Q

How do Mineralocorticoids work?

A

Cause kidneys to retain sodium
Reabsorb water
Binds to aldosterone receptor
(I am chatting shit)

43
Q

What are the contraindications of Mineralocorticoids?

A 
Children (growth restriction)
Elderly
Patients with TB
Hepatic Failure
Renal Failure
44
Q

Important drug interactions of Mineralocorticoids?

YEAR 3 DRUGS (8 decks)

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