Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HOM > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are characteristics of water-soluble hormones?

A

Travel loose in plasma, bind to plasma membrane-based recepticles, vesicles > exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What kind of protein is hCG?

A

Glycoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are characteristics of lipid-soluble hormones?

A

Diffuse out of cells, travel bound to carrier proteins, bind to receptors inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why are prostaglandins paracrine?

A

Broken down rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes up the blood-brain barrier?

A

Capillaries connected by extra-tight junctions, basement membrane and glial feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which molecules can pass the BBB?

A

Lipid-soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which regions have a permeable BBB?

A

Posterior pituitary, median eminence, pineal gland, OVLT, subfornical organ, area postrema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which are the circumventricular organs?

A

OVLT, subfornical organ, area postrema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is hCG released?

A

Chorion (placenta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do some hormones show pulsality?

A

Receptor would be down-regulated if constant growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a Zeitgeber?

A

Tunes the circadian clock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What produces melatonin?

A

Pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does blue light do?

A

Blue light > Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells containing melanopsin (ipRGC) > retinal hypothalamic tract > SCN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does SCN inhibit during light?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the paraventricular nucleus do?

A

Causes sympathetic nerves to cause pineal gland to produce melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What controls circadian rhythms?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do you get act pots during the day and not at night?

A

Proteins induce membrane ion channels so depolarised during the day (so act pots) and hyperpolarised at night so no act pots here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are vomeronasal organs?

A

In nasal cavity between mouth and nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract go?

A

From the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus to the posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A

Posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

Anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the posterior pituitary produce?

A

ADH and oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why does the anterior pituitary lie outside the BBB?

A

Originates from Rathke’s pouch which pinches off mouth roof in embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can white fat do?

A

White fat > leptin > arcuate nucleus > suppresses feeding behaviour, increases metabolic rate, increases reproductive function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does leptin increase metabolic rate?

A

PVN > TRH > pituitary/thyroid > thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why isn’t anterior pituitary a neural tissue?

A

Pulsatility is preserved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are secretory cells of the anterior pituitary called?

A

Trophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is long loop feedback?

A

Hormone produced elsewhere negatively feeds back on hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is short loop feedback?

A

Pituitary hormone feeds back on hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is ultra short loop feedback?

A

Hypothalamic hormone inhibits its own production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why does thyroid colloid contain?

A

Thyroglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What families does the anterior pituitary produce?

A

Somatomammotropins, pro-opiomelanocorticoids, glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the Somatomammotropins?

A

Growth hormone, prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the pro-opiomelanocorticoids?

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the glycoproteins?

A

GOnadotropind LH and FSH, thyroid stimulating hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the process of T3 production?

A

PVN > TRH > thyrotrophs in anterior pituitary > TSH > thyroid gland > T4 > T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Which enzyme converts T4 > T3?

A

Deiodinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which transporter gets I- into the cells? Which into the follicular lumen?

A

NIS then pendrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why doesn’t T4 show circadian rhythm?

A

Half life is long anyway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which enzyme produces iodinated thyroglobulin?

A

Thyroid peroxidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Which transporters gets T4 into the blood?

A

MCT8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Why do growth hormones have along half life?

A

Travel bound to binding proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How do thyroid hormones cause thermogenesis?

A

Promote less efficient ATP synthesis, increase brown fat oxidation, upregulate futile cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How are thyroid hormone receptors activated?

A

Dimers attached to thyroid hormone responsive elements (TRE), co-repressor released when hormone attaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which kinase does thyroid hormone receptor activate?

A

janus kinase 2 which phosphorylates tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How does growth hormone promote growth at growth plates?

A

Released during high AA levels, promotes uptake by muscle and chondrocytes, promotes growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What takes the role of prolactin in cows?

A

Growth hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is a diabetogenic effect?

A

Inhibits glucose uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is growth hormone released in response to during fasting?

A

Ghrelin, hypoglycaemia, low FFA levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What does growth hormone do during fasting?

A

Increased lipolysis and FFA release, stimulates gluconeogenesis and hepatic glucose output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is pituitary dwarfism?

A

Defective growth hormone axis, either can’t produce or respond to it, small but correct proportions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is pituitary gigantism?

A

Pituitary tumour causing joint problems, diabetes, tunnel vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Why does pituitary gigantism cause tunnel vision?

A

Squashed optic chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is dwarfism of Sindh?

A

GHRH receptor deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is Laron syndrome?

A

GH receptor deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is african pygmy?

A

IGF-1 receptor deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is Achondroplasia?

A

Mutation of fibroblast growth factor receptor

58
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Where growth hormone is oversecreted and periosteal bone growth continues

59
Q

What induces growth plate closure?

A

Oestrogens (in males testosterone is converted to oestrogen for this)

60
Q

When is insulin-like growth factor released?

A

By liver in response to growth hormone

61
Q

What does IGF-1 do?

A

Inhibits somatostatin release by pituitary

62
Q

What is IGF needed for in bone?

A

Hypertrophy not proliferation

63
Q

What is the dual effector hypothesis?

A

Where GH stimulates chondrocyte differentiation and local IGFs which drive further growth

64
Q

Why are people with dodgy growth hormones born normal sie?

A

Growth hormones not needed in utero

65
Q

What produces fibroblast growth factor 21 and what does it promote?

A

Liver when fasting, promotes growth hormone resistance

66
Q

How does liver increase levels of free IGF-1?

A

Augments its production and reduces levels of binding proteins

67
Q

Where is the adrenal cortex from?

A

Mesoderm

68
Q

Where is the adrenal medulla from?

A

Neural crest

69
Q

Which does IGF-2 do in the fetus?

A

Expressed in placenta as imprinted gene from father for large placenta and nutrient transfer

70
Q

Which IGF is for fetal growth and which is for embryonic?

A

IGF-2 is embryonic, IGF-1 is fetal

71
Q

Which way does adrenal blood flow?

A

Outside > inside

72
Q

Which enzyme does adrenaline > NA?

A

PNMT

73
Q

What are adrenal androgens?

A

Produced by reticularis, only significant in females, can be converted to oestrogen after menopause

74
Q

What happens to pro-opiomelanocortins?

A

Cleaved to produce stuff eg ACTH

75
Q

WHat is ACTH needed for?

A

Cortex growth and function

76
Q

What forms MSH?

A

ACTH

77
Q

When is cortisol released?

A

Anxiety, trauma, infection, hypoglycaemia, pain

78
Q

What does cortisol promote?

A

Protein breakdown, inhibits glucose uptake, promotes FFA release, protects and maintains liver glycogen stores

79
Q

What does cortisol do to immune system?

A

Blocks it but could be bringing down to normal after alarm response

80
Q

What are some other effects of cortisol?

A

In the fetus, allows arterioles to respond to other hormones, affects food, memory and sleep, inhibits collagen synthesis and bone formation, suppresses reproductive function

81
Q

How does glychrrhetinic acid cause hypertension?

A

Inhibits enzymes which breaks down cortisol

82
Q

How do you measure BMR?

A

at rest, thermoneutral. 12-14 hours after last meal

83
Q

Which are essential fats?

A

Plasma membrane, myelin

84
Q

How to work out metabolic rate?

A

Normal diet RQ = 0.82, gives 20.2 kJ per litres O2, measure O2 useand times by 20.2

85
Q

What are the two kinds of storage fat?

A

Android and gynoid

86
Q

Formula for body fat volume underwater?

A

5.5(total body volume - residual volume) - 5 x mass

87
Q

What is Bioelectrical Impedence Analysis?

A

Measure electrical resistance between two points

88
Q

Which hormones increase blood sugar levels?

A

Glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, adrenaline

89
Q

Which hormones inhibits alpha cells?

A

Glucose and insulin

90
Q

Why does insulin decrease but glucagon not rise overnight?

A

So everything insulin blocks can occur

91
Q

What causes Kwashiorkor?

A

Inadequate protein, enough calories so break down plasma protein so oedema

92
Q

What is marasmus?

A

Enough protein but not enough calories

93
Q

What happens in fasting phase 1?

A

Glucagon high, insulin low, growth hormone rises, cortisol changes little, T3 decreases so metabolic rate drops, lipolysis and ketogenesis from growth hormone

94
Q

What happens in fasting phase 2?

A

Insulin low, glucagon normal, FGF21 released by liver to block growth hormone, protein catabolism slows, fat metabolim inreases, ketogenesis increases further

95
Q

What happens during fasting phase 3?

A

Cortisol rises to access protein mucle usage, no mroe fat reserves, die after 1/2 of protein reserves gone, die because can’t cough - get pneumonia

96
Q

The metabolic rates of which tissues are the most variable?

A

Heart and skeletal mucsle

97
Q

How is damage from neonatal asphyxia reduced?

A

Hypoxic hypometabolism is accompanied by anapyrexia

98
Q

How does cold affect cardiac output?

A

Reduces

99
Q

What happens to skeletal muscle as it cools?

A

A fall in force

100
Q

Why do testes have a lower optimum temperature?

A

Fertility decreases if warmed

101
Q

What’s the equation for mean body temperature?

A

0.9 core + 0.1 skin

102
Q

WHy are oral temperatures not good?

A

Evaporation

103
Q

What do ear probes measure?

A

Tympanic membranes

104
Q

What happens if body temp was any higher?

A

C-C bonds would break

105
Q

What happens if body temp was any lower?

A

Molecules wouldn’t have enough energy

106
Q

How do camels thermoregulate?

A

Start day at low temperature and have larger extremes in body temperature if dehydrated because they’re saving water

107
Q

What is torpor?

A

Inactive but not actually asleep, major reduction of metabolic rate

108
Q

What is bears “hibernation”?

A

Don’t hibernate but heart and metabolic rate drops, temp doesn’t drop as low as true hibernators and can wake nearly instantly

109
Q

What temp is life threatening?

A

40 degrees

110
Q

What temp has 50% chance of survival?

A

41.5 degrees

111
Q

What temp has 30% survival?

A

42.1 degrees

112
Q

What is haemoconcentration?

A

Dehydration using thermoregulation causing increased risk of thrombosis and cardiac workload increases

113
Q

What is perniosis?

A

Chilblains - rapid warming following cold damages capillary beds

114
Q

What causes frostbite?

A

Irreversible damage due to water crystals and increased osmolarity

115
Q

What is a heterotherm?

A

Something which hibernates so hibernating mammals are heterothermic endotherms

116
Q

How much heat to humans produce?

A

100 W

117
Q

What does the pre-optic area do?

A

Integrates info from hypothalamus and feedforward signals from skin

118
Q

What control is shivering under?

A

Somatic

119
Q

What are the two types of peripheral thermoreceptors?

A

Warm or cold

120
Q

Which nerves do peripheral thermoreceptors use to the spinal cord?

A

Afferent fibres (A delta and C)

121
Q

Which transient receptor potential ion channels are activated by heat?

A

TRP V1, V2, V3

122
Q

Which transient receptor potential ion channels are activated by cold?

A

TRP V5

123
Q

What causes non-shivering thermogenesis?

A

Brown adipose tissue

124
Q

What activates brown adipose tissue?

A

NA (sympathetic) via B3 receptors

125
Q

WHat does UCP1 do in brown fat?

A

Uncoupling protein 1 - activated by long chain fatty acids from lipolysis of cytoplasmic lipid droplets from adrenergic stimulation

126
Q

What prevents malignant hyperthermia?

A

Dantrolene

127
Q

What does bird countercurrent between arterial and venous blood do?

A

Good blood supply and temperature gradient

128
Q

How are arteriovenous anastomoses in hairless skin controlled?

A

Vasoconstrictor sympathetic control, tonic activity keeping them shut

129
Q

What nerve control does hairy skin have?

A

Vasoconstrictor NA supply and vasodilator cholinergic supply

130
Q

Does panting cause salt loss?

A

No

131
Q

How does shallow panting reduce alkalosis?

A

Only ventilating upper respiratory dead space

132
Q

Why do dogs pant at ribcage resonant frequency?

A

To reduce work

133
Q

What is a rete mirabile?

A

Venous blood cooling arterial blood in specialised structures

134
Q

What happens to sweat at high flow rates?

A

Hypotonic at low flow rate and more concentrated but still hypotonic at high flow rates

135
Q

What happens to sweat in athletes?

A

Occurs earlier and in larger volumes

136
Q

What is pyrexia?

A

Fever

137
Q

What is a pyrogen?

A

Raises body temperature

138
Q

What are some pyrogens?

A

Cytokines, pathogens, prostaglandins

139
Q

What is an example of an antipyrexic?

A

NSAIDs

140
Q

When can fevers be useful?

A

Signal need for rest, can indicate if treatment is working

HOM (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions