Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the physio logic roles of Ca?

A

Neuromuscular transmission, muscle contraction, blood coag, bone, hormones

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2
Q

Where is the highest percentage of extracellular Ca found?

A

Ionized or biologically active

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3
Q

What are the three things that control calcium homeostasis?

A

PTH, Calcitonin, Vit D

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4
Q

What is PTH secreted in response to?

A

Low Ca or high P

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5
Q

What does PTH do?

A

Increases Ca mobilization from bone, renal tubular reabsorption, urinary loss of phosphorus, formation of calcitrol in kidney

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6
Q

What is calcitonin secreted in response to?

A

Rise in free calcium, inhibits bone resorption of Ca

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7
Q

What is the biologically active form of Vit D?

A

Calcitriol

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8
Q

What are the signs of hypercalcemia?

A

May be none , PU/PD is most common also lower urinary, weakness, decreased activity.

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9
Q

What are the differentials for hypercalcemia?

A
Ggranulomatous
Osteolysis
Sepsis
Hyperparathyroidsm
D toxicosis
Addisons
Renal
N eoplastic
Idioplasthic
Temperature
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10
Q

What are the differentials for a patient with High Ca and Low P?

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism
hypercalcemia of malignancy
Renal disease

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11
Q

What are the differentials for a patient with high Ca and high P?

A

Renal, Addison’s, hypervitaminosis D

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12
Q

If the Ca-P is greater than >70 should you be concerned?

A

yes! Tissue mineralization and nephron damage

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13
Q

What is the most common cause in dogs for hypercalcemia? Cats?

A

neoplasia in dogs, idiopathic in cats

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14
Q

What is something on PE that you should automatically think hypercalcemia if you see?

A

Rubber jaw and urine SG

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15
Q

What is primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Syndrome of excess PTH, with clinical signs that are due to hypercalcemia. Typically from adenoma of parathyroid gland.

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16
Q

What are some things that are not normal on a PHPT diagnosis?

A

high ca, low P, calcium crystals, hematuria, inflammation.

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17
Q

What is the most suggestive thing an a calcium profile that is suggestive of PHPT?

A

Increased PTH in the face of hypercalcemia

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18
Q

What are your treatment options for hypercalcemia? when should you treat?

A

When Ca x P>70, use fluid therapy, furosemide, glucorticoids, pamidronate

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19
Q

What is the treatment of choice for PHPT?

A

Surgical parathyroidectomy

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20
Q

What is one expected post surgical complication with PHPT?

A

post op hypocalcemia

21
Q

What two things should perioperative care for PHPT include and what is the aim?

A

DHT, calcitriol : both are for vitamin D therapy

22
Q

What is important in post operative care for pHPT?

A

monitor calcium frequently, slow withdrawl of treatment which should have included calcium supplementation.

23
Q

In chronic renal failure what are the Ca levels?

A

Normal

24
Q

What does renal secondary hyperparathyroidism cause?

A

progressive inability of kidneys to excrete P

25
Q

How do you differentiate Renal failure and PHPT?

A

Ca elevated but

26
Q

What do you see in hypoadrenocorticism?

A

mild hypercalcemia, P normal to increased,.

27
Q

What do you see in Vitamin D toxicity?

A

severe high Ca, significant high P, secondary renal failure, tissue mineralization

28
Q

What is idiopathic hypercalcemia? And what animal is it seen in?

A

Sustained serum Ca rise of unknown cause in cats.

29
Q

What are some things you can see with hypocalcemia?

A

seizures, ataxia, weakness, tetany ,muscle cramping.

30
Q

What are the three categories of hypoparathyroidism?

A

absence or destruction of parathyroid
sudden correction of chronic hypercalcemia
impaired secretion or tissue response to PTH

31
Q

What are the 4 major treatments for hypoparathy.?

A

Calcium supplementation, calcitrol, magnesium, thiazide diruretics

32
Q

What are the other 8 things that can cause hypocalcemia?

A

eclampsia, renal failure, pancreatitis, hypomagnesemia, malabsorption, hypovitD, lab error, blood transfusion.

33
Q

In birds what is the separate gland that produced calcitonin?

A

Ultimobranchial gland

34
Q

What is different about the cortisol that birds and reptiles produce?

A

It is corticosterone

35
Q

What are the three secondary endocrine dz that you see in birds and reptiles?

A

NSHP

36
Q

What is Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Deficiency of Ca++, Vit D3, UVB light, excess P. You see a compensatory rise in PTH

37
Q

What is another name for NSHP?

A

Metabolic bone disease

38
Q

What is renal secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Increased PTH in response to low Ca++ and hyperphosphatemia

39
Q

What is RSHP more common in?

A

Older lizards

40
Q

What are some clinical signs with metabolic bone disease?

A

rubbery flexible bones, fibrous osteodystrophy, fractures, skeletal deformities. Hypocalcemia in end stages.

41
Q

What is the best treatment for metabolic bone disease?

A

correct the diet, UVB light, Vit. D3, calcitonin, cage rest, manage fractures.

42
Q

What is goiter or thyroid dysplasia caused by?

A

Iodine deficiency or excess

43
Q

What are some clinical signs of goiter in tortoises in budgerigars?

A

Bud: Voice changes, wheezing, esophageal compression

Tort:Large swellings at base of ventral neck

44
Q

What are the primary endocrine dz of birds?

A

Gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma and functional endocrine tumors

45
Q

What do you normally see gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma in?

A

Bearded dragons

46
Q

What are the CS of GNC?

A

hyperglycemia, anorexia, weight loss, anemia.

47
Q

What axis does the thyroid gland operate on?

A

hypothalamic, pituitary, thyroid axis.

48
Q

What are the three types of hypothyroidism? What parts do they effect?

A

Primary: thyroid gland: most common
Secondary: pituitary/TSH-rare
tertiary: TRH deficiency: not reported