Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PANCE-Flashcards > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Most common cause of Hyperparathyroid?

A

Parathyroid adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Primary Hyperparathyroidism: defn and symptoms

A

Elevated Calcium due to high PTH
Sxs: Constipation, Dehydration, abdominal pain, bone pain, Kidney stones, arrhythmias
“Bones, stones, abdominal groans, and psychic overtones”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism? What is secondary?

A

Chronic Renal Disease

PTH is high (as in primary) BUT its because calcium is low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hyperparathyroidism Diagnosis/findings

A

Increased PTH confirms dx
Hallmark: Hypercalcemia (If hypocalcemia–renal failure disorder, secondary)
EKG: Prolonged PR interval, Shortened QT interval; “Too much too soon, too little too late”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a common cause of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Thyroidectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the sxs of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Sxs are always those of HYPOCALCEMIA:
positive Chvostek’s sign, Positive Trousseau’s phenomenon

Cataracts, Teeth/nail defects, tetany, circumoral tingling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism?

A

Calcium and Vitamin D supplementation for life

Acute attacks: IV calcium gluconate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Differentiate between the three Thyroiditis: Acute, subacute, and Chronic lymphocytic

A

Acute (Suppurative): Pyogenic bacteria, very painful, tender red thyroid; Tx: abx and surgical drainage

Subacute: (de Quervain’s) Viral, Painful enlarged thryoid, low radioactive iodide uptake, Tx: ASA for pain and inflammation

Chronic lymphocytic: Fatigue, dry eyes, dry mouth; Diffusely enlarged firm nodular thyroid; Tx: Levothyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the most common type of thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary Carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most aggressive thyroid cancer?

A

Anaplastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Thyroid Cancer diagnostics

A

Elevated serum Thyroglobulin: Metastatic papillary and follicular

Fine needle biopsy: Test of choice for initial evaluation of a thyroid nodule; reliable for all types of the cancer except Follicular!—>Incisional biopsy

Radionuclide scan: Performed if the FNA biopsy is indeterminate. COld nodules–>cancer, Hot nodules benign (still only 20% of cold are malignant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What sxs are associated with medullary thyroid cancer?

A

flushing, diarrhea, fatigue, and cushing’s syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which thyroid disease is associated with excess dietary idodine supplementation and exposure to head/neck radiation during childhood?

A

Hashimotos thyroiditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Most common cause of Corticoadrenal insufficiency?

A

Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex-Addison’s Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the sxs of Addison’s Crisis? Tx?

A

Hypotension, Acute pain, vomiting, Diarrhea;

Tx: IV saline, Glucose, glucocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diagnostic/Labs of Addison’s dz

A

labs: hyperkalemia, Hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, hypercalcemia, Low Cortisol, High ACTH

Cosyntropin stimulation–diagnostic

  • Cortisol <20 mg/dL=positive

Low AM serum cortisol level with high ACTH level–>dx

(High ACTH, bc cortisol which inhibits ACTH is low)

17
Q

Treatment of Addisons

A

DOC=hydrocortisone

Fludrocortisone may be added if inadequate salt-retaining effect

18
Q

What is the most common cause of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Cushing’s Disese (ACTH secreting pituitary tumor)

19
Q

What is the normal function of ACTH

A

stimulates production of Cortisol

20
Q

HOw do you diagnose Cushings syndrome? labs?

A
  • Free urine cortisol >125 mg/dL in 24 hours
  • Dexamethasone suppression test
    • Plasma cortisol >10 ug/dL
  • Plasma ACTH <20 pg/mL
    • suggests adrenal tumor
  • MRI to identify pituitary tumor
  • Corticotrophin-releasing hormone
    • separates ACTH-dependent from ACTH independent hypercortisolism

Labs: Hyperglycemia, hypokalemia

21
Q

How do you treat Cushings?

A
  • Adrenal Inhibitors: Metyrapone or ketaconazole suppress hypercortisolism
  • Resect tumor if cushings dz
22
Q

What is the most common cause of Acromegaly?

A

Pituitary Adenoma

23
Q

How do you dx Acromegaly/Gigantism?

A
  • elevated HGH-won’t suppress with hyperglycemia (as it normally does
  • MRI: to visualize possible pituitary tumor
  • Radiography: enlarged sella turcica
24
Q

Treatment of Gigantism

A
  • Surgery: Transnasal transsphenoidal
  • If surgery fails–>Dopamine agonist->shrink tumors
  • Somatostatin analogs-for persistent dz
25
Q

Diabetes Insipidus: Describe the two types and common causes of each

A
  1. Central (neurogenic)
    • Posterior pituitary not making ADH (vasopressin); may present after head trauma
  2. Nephrogenic
    • Adequate ADH being produced but kidneys are not responding (renal receptors not working)
    • Cause: Lithium toxicity, chronic renal dz, hypercalcemia
26
Q

Sxs of Diabetes Insipidus

A

Increased thirst, Large volume polyuria

27
Q

Diagnostics of Diabetes Insipidus

A
  • 24 hour urine collection with vasopressin Challenge test
  1. Initial: Low urine osmolality (lots of dilute urine)
  2. H20 deprivation: Normal person stops urinating without water. Person with DI will continue to urinate large amounts of dilute urine
  3. Give ADH (vasopressin challenge test): Differentiates between Nephrogenic and Central
  • Central: Serum osmolality/urine osmality will improve with DDAVP
  • Nephrogenic: No improvement
28
Q

Treatment of Diabetes Insipidus

A

Central: Desmopressin Acetate (Nasal)–Synthetic ADH

Nephrogenic: HCTZ, Indomethacin

29
Q

SIADH: what is it? Most common cause? labs? Tx?

A

Too much ADH

Most common cause: Chronic space occupying lung lesion (tumor, abscess, Tb)

Labs: Hypnatremia (Seizures, coma, arrhythmia)

Tx: Fluid restriction, Give saline if severe

30
Q

Initial lab for Turner Syndrome?

A

Elevated FSH

31
Q

What produces ADH?

A

Posterior Pituitary

32
Q

What produces TSH?

A

Anterior Pituitary

33
Q

How does the dexamethasone suppression test work? What does it help diagnose?

A

Cushing’s Disease

Give dexamethasone to Pt–In a normal pt should shut off ACTH production and decrease Cortisol production. But if tumor exists that producing ACTH on its own, You will still have high cortisol levels.

34
Q

What gland produces corticosteroids? What gland first sends signal to this gland? How?

Where does secondary adrenal insufficiency start fucking up in this cycle?

A

Pituitary gland sends signal to Adrenal gland (VIA ACTH) to produce corticosteroids

In secondary adrenal insufficiency–>Pituitary gland stops sending signal

In Primary–>The adrenal gland stops producing corticosteroids (despite plenty of ACTH)

35
Q

What test is diagnositic in Addison’s disease?

A

Cosyntropin test

PANCE-Flashcards (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions