Endocrinology Flashcards by Secret Shh

Two types of glands

Endocrine
Exocrine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Type of gland that secretes substances into the blood stream

Endocrine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Type of gland that secretes substances onto a surface usually through a duct

Exocrine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Endocrine or exocrine

Sweat gland

Exocrine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

composed of ductless glands that produce hormones which are directly secreted into the bloodstream

Endocrine system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

endocrine system is composed of _______ glands that produce hormones which are directly secreted into the _______

Ductless glands
Bloodstream

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Endocrine system is a finely tuned system in which the ____, _____, and _____ communicate

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Endocrine glands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Master gland

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Main function of endocrine system

Regulate bodily function
Maintain homeostasis
Control processes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Endocrine system controls processes such as (4)

Metabolism
Growth
Reproduction
Stress response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Two parts of the pituitary gland

Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Anterior pituitary gland is also known as

Adenohypophysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Part of pituitary gland that stores hormones

Neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hormones released by hypothalamus that goes directly to the posterior pituitary gland

Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hypothalamus: GnRH
Adenohypophysis: ____
Target organs: ____

Hypothalamus: Gonadotropin hormone - releasing hormone

Adenohypophysis: Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone

Target organs: Gonads

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hypothalamus:
Adenohypophysis: ACTH
Target organs:

Hypothalamus: Corticotropin Hormone

Adenohypophysis: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Target organs: Adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hypothalamus: PRH
Adenohypophysis: ____
Target organs: ____

Hypothalamus: prolactin releasing hormone

Adenohypophysis: prolactin

Target organs: mammary gland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hypothalamus: ____
Adenohypophysis: GH
Target organs: ____

Hypothalamus: Growth hormone - releasing hormone

Adenohypophysis: growth hormone

Target organs: liver

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hypothalamus: ADH
Neurohypophysis : ____
Target organs: ____

Hypothalamus: Antidiuretic hormone

Neurohypophysis

Target organs: kidney

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hypothalamus: ____

Neurohypophysis

Target organs: mammary gland

Hypothalamus: oxytocin

Neurohypophysis

Target organs: mammary gland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Physiologic regulatory system involves (2)

Nervous and endocrine system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Difference between nervous and endocrine system in terms of signaling

Nervous - electrical or neural impulse

Endocrine - chemical

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

nervous system and the endocrine system are closely interrelated and both involved intimately in maintaining _____

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neuroendocrine system focuses on ____ control to the secretion of pituitary hormones

Hypothalamic control

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neurons release their _____ and ____ at synapses

Neurotransmitter Neuromodulators

They release their neurotransmitters and neuromodulators at synapses

Neurons

Where do neurons release their neurotransmitter

Synapses

What are the two neurosecretory cells

Hypophyseal cells Hypophysiotrophic cells

cells that secrete substances directly into the bloodstream to act as hormones

Neurosecretory cells

chemical substances that send a message to another cell in the body.

Hormones

It is derived from a single amino acid

Amines

Example of an amine hormone

Melatonin

hormone derived from tryptophan

Melatonin

Melatonin is derived from what amine

Tryptophan

Example of steroid hormones

FSH GSH

Types of hormone based on their structure

Amines Glycoproteins Steroid Fatty acid Peptides

Steroids are lipids derived from _____ Steroids are usually bound to _____

Cholesterol Protein

lipids derived from cholesterol; usually bound to proteins

Steroids

precursor of catecholamines

Tyrosine

True or false Hydroxylation of Phe alone will produce catecholamines

False, it can’t

part of the sympathoadrenal axis

Adrenal medulla

initial and rate-limiting step in catecholamine synthesis

conversion of tyrosine to 3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine

Hormones that are synthesized by rough ER

Peptides and proteins

T or F All peptide hormones are hydrophilic

True

Fatty acids with 20 carbon atom fatty acid

Eicosanoids

20 carbon atom fatty acid

arachidonic fatty acid

Types of hormone actions

Autocrine Paracrine Endocrine

Hormone activity that Act or acts directly on themselves

Autocrine

Releasing hormones is also known as

hypophyseal hormones

Types of hormones based on functions

Releasing hormone Inhibitory hormone Tropic hormone Effector hormone

Inhibitory hormones is secreted in the ____ and _____

hypothalamus and gastrointestinal tract

This type of hormone suppress the secretion of a particular hormone

Inhibitory hormone

This type of hormone stimulate growth and activity of other endocrine glands

Tropic hormone

What type of hormone is LH based on its function

Tropic hormone

This type of hormone is secreted by endocrine glands but with nonendocrine cells as targets

Effector hormone

What type of hormone is prolactin based on its function

Effector hormone

small region in the brain that plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating various bodily functions through its control over the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system.

Hypothalamus

Hormone which inhibits growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone

Somatostatin

This type of hormone inhibits prolactin release

Dopamine

Somatostatin inhibits what

Growth hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone

processes in the body that regulate hormone secretion. These are basically ways to turn secretion on and off.

Feedback mechanisms or feedback loops

natural process by which a pregnant mammal gives birth, involving the contractions of the uterus to expel the fetus and placenta.

Parturition

This hormone stimulates the uterine muscles to contract during labour

Oxytocin

process in the body that regulates hormone secretion

Feedback mechanism

most common feedback loop

Negative feedback mechanism

Types of negative feedback mechanism

Long Short Ultrashort

Type of negative feedback mechanism where Feedback from hormones produced in the pituitary target glands on the hypothalamus

Long

Type of negative feedback mechanism: Feedback between the pituitary and hypothalamus

Ultrashort

Pituitary gland is also known as

Hypophysis

Hypophysis is located within the confines of _______

Sella turcica

Hypophysis is connected by the _____ to the ____ of hypothalamus

Infundibular stalk to the median eminence

Weight of pituitary gland

0.6 grams

Pituitary gland measures about ____ mm in transverse and ___ mm in anteroposterior diameter

12 8

Known as the master gland

Pituitary gland

Parts of pituitary gland

Anterior Intermediate lobe Posterior

Three types of cells of the anterior pituitary gland

Chromophobe (50%) Acidophilic (40%) Basophilic (10%)

T or F Chromophobe secretes most of the hormone of anterior pituitary gland

False, it does not secrete at all

Cell of adenohypophysis that secretes growth hormone, prolactin, and oxytocin

Acidophilic

precursor of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and endorphin (END)

Proopiomelanocortin

body's natural painkillers

Endorphins

Growth hormone is structurally related to ____ and ____

Prolactin Human placental lactogen

Growth hormone is classified as what type of hormone based on function

tropic hormone

Growth hormone is also known as

Somatotropin

Low insulin = ___ growth hormone

High

Somatomedin C is also known as

Insulin like growth factor 1 (IgF-1)

Ovarian follicle is produced where

Seminiferous tubules

Used to diagnose premature menopause

FSH

FSH stimulates ___ in males

Sperm production

FSH stimulates ____ in female

Ovarian follicles

stimulates testosterone production in the testes of males

Luteinizing hirmone

It triggers ovulation and progesterone secretion in females.

Luteinizing hormone

What cells produces testosterone

Leydig cells

stimulate the adrenal glands to release cortisol, in response to stress and low blood glucose levels.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

ACTH is produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Its primary function is to stimulate the adrenal glands to release ______

Cortisol

absence of a menstrual period

Amenorrhea

physiological response that occurs during childbirth, characterized by the release of oxytocin in response to uterine contractions and the stretching of the cervix.

Ferguson reflex

Oxytocin is also known as

Pitocin

Arginine Vasopressin is also known as

Pitressin

maintains osmotic homeostasis by regulating water balance

Arginine vasopressin

principal regulator of ADH secretion

increased plasma osmolality

potent stimuli to ADH release

Emetic or dehydration

Inhibitor of adh

Ethanol Cortisol

hyposecretion of GH during growth years

Dwarfism

Major Types of dwarfism

1. Proportionate dwarfism 2. Disproportionate dwarfism