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CC Lec > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of glands

A

Endocrine
Exocrine

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2
Q

Type of gland that secretes substances into the blood stream

A

Endocrine

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3
Q

Type of gland that secretes substances onto a surface usually through a duct

A

Exocrine

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4
Q

Endocrine or exocrine

Sweat gland

A

Exocrine

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5
Q

composed of ductless glands that produce hormones which are directly secreted into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine system

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6
Q

endocrine system is composed of _______ glands that produce hormones which are directly secreted into the _______

A

Ductless glands
Bloodstream

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7
Q

Endocrine system is a finely tuned system in which the ____, _____, and _____ communicate

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Endocrine glands

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8
Q

Master gland

A

Hypothalamus

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9
Q

Main function of endocrine system

A

Regulate bodily function
Maintain homeostasis
Control processes

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10
Q

Endocrine system controls processes such as (4)

A

Metabolism
Growth
Reproduction
Stress response

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11
Q

Two parts of the pituitary gland

A

Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis

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12
Q

Anterior pituitary gland is also known as

A

Adenohypophysis

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13
Q

Part of pituitary gland that stores hormones

A

Neurohypophysis

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14
Q

Hormones released by hypothalamus that goes directly to the posterior pituitary gland

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin

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15
Q

Hypothalamus: GnRH
Adenohypophysis: ____
Target organs: ____

A

Hypothalamus: Gonadotropin hormone - releasing hormone

Adenohypophysis: Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone

Target organs: Gonads

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16
Q

Hypothalamus:
Adenohypophysis: ACTH
Target organs:

A

Hypothalamus: Corticotropin Hormone

Adenohypophysis: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Target organs: Adrenal cortex

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17
Q

Hypothalamus: PRH
Adenohypophysis: ____
Target organs: ____

A

Hypothalamus: prolactin releasing hormone

Adenohypophysis: prolactin

Target organs: mammary gland

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18
Q

Hypothalamus: ____
Adenohypophysis: GH
Target organs: ____

A

Hypothalamus: Growth hormone - releasing hormone

Adenohypophysis: growth hormone

Target organs: liver

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19
Q

Hypothalamus: ADH
Neurohypophysis : ____
Target organs: ____

A

Hypothalamus: Antidiuretic hormone

Neurohypophysis

Target organs: kidney

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20
Q

Hypothalamus: ____

Neurohypophysis

Target organs: mammary gland

A

Hypothalamus: oxytocin

Neurohypophysis

Target organs: mammary gland

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21
Q

Physiologic regulatory system involves (2)

A

Nervous and endocrine system

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22
Q

Difference between nervous and endocrine system in terms of signaling

A

Nervous - electrical or neural impulse

Endocrine - chemical

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23
Q

nervous system and the endocrine system are closely interrelated and both involved intimately in maintaining _____

A

Homeostasis

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24
Q

Neuroendocrine system focuses on ____ control to the secretion of pituitary hormones

A

Hypothalamic control

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25
Q

Neurons release their _____ and ____ at synapses

A

Neurotransmitter
Neuromodulators

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26
Q

They release their neurotransmitters and neuromodulators at synapses

A

Neurons

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27
Q

Where do neurons release their neurotransmitter

A

Synapses

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28
Q

What are the two neurosecretory cells

A

Hypophyseal cells
Hypophysiotrophic cells

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29
Q

cells that secrete substances directly into the bloodstream to act as hormones

A

Neurosecretory cells

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30
Q

chemical substances that send a message to another cell in the body.

A

Hormones

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31
Q

It is derived from a single amino acid

A

Amines

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32
Q

Example of an amine hormone

A

Melatonin

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33
Q

hormone derived from tryptophan

A

Melatonin

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34
Q

Melatonin is derived from what amine

A

Tryptophan

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35
Q

Example of steroid hormones

A

FSH
GSH

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36
Q

Types of hormone based on their structure

A

Amines
Glycoproteins
Steroid
Fatty acid
Peptides

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37
Q

Steroids are lipids derived from _____

Steroids are usually bound to _____

A

Cholesterol
Protein

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38
Q

lipids derived from cholesterol; usually bound to proteins

A

Steroids

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39
Q

precursor of catecholamines

A

Tyrosine

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40
Q

True or false

Hydroxylation of Phe alone will produce catecholamines

A

False, it can’t

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41
Q

part of the sympathoadrenal axis

A

Adrenal medulla

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42
Q

initial and rate-limiting step in catecholamine synthesis

A

conversion of tyrosine to 3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine

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43
Q

Hormones that are synthesized by rough ER

A

Peptides and proteins

44
Q

T or F

All peptide hormones are hydrophilic

45
Q

Fatty acids with 20 carbon atom fatty acid

A

Eicosanoids

46
Q

20 carbon atom fatty acid

A

arachidonic fatty acid

47
Q

Types of hormone actions

A

Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine

48
Q

Hormone activity that Act or acts directly on
themselves

49
Q

Releasing hormones is also known as

A

hypophyseal hormones

50
Q

Types of hormones based on functions

A

Releasing hormone
Inhibitory hormone
Tropic hormone
Effector hormone

51
Q

Inhibitory hormones is secreted in the ____ and _____

A

hypothalamus and gastrointestinal tract

52
Q

This type of hormone suppress the secretion of a particular hormone

A

Inhibitory hormone

53
Q

This type of hormone stimulate growth and activity of other endocrine glands

A

Tropic hormone

54
Q

What type of hormone is LH based on its function

A

Tropic hormone

55
Q

This type of hormone is secreted by endocrine glands but with nonendocrine cells as targets

A

Effector hormone

56
Q

What type of hormone is prolactin based on its function

A

Effector hormone

57
Q

small region in the brain that plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating various bodily functions through its control over the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system.

A

Hypothalamus

58
Q

Hormone which inhibits growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Somatostatin

59
Q

This type of hormone inhibits prolactin release

60
Q

Somatostatin inhibits what

A

Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone

61
Q

processes in the body that regulate hormone secretion. These are basically ways to turn secretion on and off.

A

Feedback mechanisms or feedback loops

62
Q

natural process by which a pregnant mammal gives birth, involving the contractions of the uterus to expel the fetus and placenta.

A

Parturition

63
Q

This hormone stimulates the uterine muscles to contract during labour

64
Q

process in the body that regulates hormone secretion

A

Feedback mechanism

65
Q

most common feedback loop

A

Negative feedback mechanism

66
Q

Types of negative feedback mechanism

A

Long
Short
Ultrashort

67
Q

Type of negative feedback mechanism where

Feedback from hormones produced in the pituitary target glands on the hypothalamus

68
Q

Type of negative feedback mechanism:

Feedback between the pituitary and hypothalamus

A

Ultrashort

69
Q

Pituitary gland is also known as

A

Hypophysis

70
Q

Hypophysis is located within the confines of _______

A

Sella turcica

71
Q

Hypophysis is connected by the _____ to the ____ of hypothalamus

A

Infundibular stalk to the median eminence

72
Q

Weight of pituitary gland

73
Q

Pituitary gland measures about ____ mm in transverse and ___ mm in anteroposterior diameter

74
Q

Known as the master gland

A

Pituitary gland

75
Q

Parts of pituitary gland

A

Anterior
Intermediate lobe
Posterior

76
Q

Three types of cells of the anterior pituitary gland

A

Chromophobe (50%)
Acidophilic (40%)
Basophilic (10%)

77
Q

T or F

Chromophobe secretes most of the hormone of anterior pituitary gland

A

False, it does not secrete at all

78
Q

Cell of adenohypophysis that secretes growth hormone, prolactin, and oxytocin

A

Acidophilic

79
Q

precursor of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and endorphin (END)

A

Proopiomelanocortin

80
Q

body’s natural painkillers

A

Endorphins

81
Q

Growth hormone is structurally related to ____ and ____

A

Prolactin
Human placental lactogen

82
Q

Growth hormone is classified as what type of hormone based on function

A

tropic hormone

83
Q

Growth hormone is also known as

A

Somatotropin

84
Q

Low insulin = ___ growth hormone

85
Q

Somatomedin C is also known as

A

Insulin like growth factor 1 (IgF-1)

86
Q

Ovarian follicle is produced where

A

Seminiferous tubules

87
Q

Used to diagnose premature menopause

88
Q

FSH stimulates ___ in males

A

Sperm production

89
Q

FSH stimulates ____ in female

A

Ovarian follicles

90
Q

stimulates testosterone production in the testes of males

A

Luteinizing hirmone

91
Q

It triggers ovulation and progesterone secretion in females.

A

Luteinizing hormone

92
Q

What cells produces testosterone

A

Leydig cells

93
Q

stimulate the adrenal glands to release cortisol, in response to stress and low blood glucose levels.

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

94
Q

ACTH is produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Its primary function is to stimulate the adrenal glands to release ______

96
Q

absence of a menstrual period

A

Amenorrhea

97
Q

physiological response that occurs during childbirth, characterized by the release of oxytocin in response to uterine contractions and the stretching of the cervix.

A

Ferguson reflex

98
Q

Oxytocin is also known as

99
Q

Arginine Vasopressin is also known as

100
Q

maintains osmotic homeostasis by regulating water
balance

A

Arginine vasopressin

101
Q

principal regulator of ADH secretion

A

increased plasma osmolality

102
Q

potent stimuli to ADH release

A

Emetic or dehydration

103
Q

Inhibitor of adh

A

Ethanol
Cortisol

104
Q

hyposecretion of GH during growth years

105
Q

Major Types of dwarfism

A
  1. Proportionate dwarfism
  2. Disproportionate dwarfism

CC Lec (4 decks)

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