Endocrinology Flashcards
Hormone
A hormone is a material which is released from secretory cells in the body, that travels through the body via the blood, and has an effect on target cells located some distance away.
What does cholesterol act as a precursor of? And what is the precursor of cholesterol
It is the precursor to bile acids, steroid hormones and oxysterols. Cholesterol is synthesized from its precursor unit acetyl-CoA (Ac-CoA).
Difference between glycogenolysis and glycogenesis
The formation of glycogen from glucose is known as glycogenesis, and the breakdown of glycogen to form glucose is called glycogen metabolism or glycogenolysis. Increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis)
Through what processes is glucose produced
Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
In a fed state, is it glucose or insulin that dominates?
Insulin
In a fasting state, is it glucose or insulin that dominates?
Glucagon
What does the RAAS system do?
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a hormone system that plays a key role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance in the body
Steven’s Johnson Syndrome
A rare, serious disorder of the skin and mucous membranes. Looks like bed red patches
Lyell’s syndrome
Toxic epidermal necrolysis, also known as Lyell’s syndrome, is a type of severe skin reaction. Together with Stevens–Johnson syndrome it forms a spectrum of disease, with TEN being more severe. Early symptoms include fever and flu-like symptoms.
Bacterial fasciitis - necrotising fasciitis
A serious bacterial infection that destroys tissue under the skin.
Flesh-eating disease occurs when bacteria enter the body through a break in the skin. People with a weakened immune system can be at greater risk of developing this condition.
The condition spreads quickly. Symptoms include blisters, fever, fatigue and pain worse than a person would expect based on the wound’s appearance.
Pemphigoid
Bullous pemphigoid is a rare skin condition that causes blisters on your skin. It’s an autoimmune disease. Certain medications may trigger bullous pemphigoid, but healthcare providers aren’t sure exactly what causes it. It can be well-managed with medication
Petechiae
Petechiae are tiny spots of bleeding under the skin or in the mucous membranes (mouth or eyelids). They are purple, red or brown dots, each about the size of a pinpoint. They’re not raised or bumpy.
How do opioids act in the brain
Opioids can depress breathing by changing neurochemical activity in the brain stem, where automatic body functions such as breathing and heart rate are controlled.
Opioids can reinforce drug taking behavior by altering activity in the limbic system, which controls emotions.
Opioids can block pain messages transmitted through the spinal cord from the body.
Differences between fore brain, midbrain, hindbrain
The forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain are the three main brain divisions. The forebrain handles higher cognitive functions, the midbrain controls motor movement and sensory processing, and the hindbrain manages coordination, balance, and autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate.
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system. MS is unpredictable. Some people may be only mildly affected. Others may lose the ability to see clearly, write, speak, or walk. Early symptoms can include vision problems, trouble walking, and tingling feelings.
HHS
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes — mainly Type 2 diabetes. HHS happens when your blood glucose (sugar) levels are too high for a long period, leading to severe dehydration and confusion.
Measurement: meq/L
Milliequivalents per litre (mEq/L) Some medical tests report results in milliequivalents per litre (mEq/L). An equivalent is the amount of a substance that will react with a certain number of hydrogen ions. A milliequivalent is one-thousandth of an equivalent.
The role of glucagon
Glucagon is a glucoregulatory peptide hormone that counteracts the actions of insulin by stimulating hepatic glucose production and thereby increases blood glucose levels
- Causing the liver to decrease glucose consumption.
- Initiating the release of glucose from glycogen, a sugar storage molecule primarily in the liver and skeletal muscle.
- Promoting the production of glucose from amino acids.
- Initiating the release of glucose into the bloodstream.
Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen to form glucose
The formation of glycogen from glucose is known as glycogenesis, and the breakdown of glycogen to form glucose is called glycogen metabolism or glycogenolysis. Increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis)
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the biosynthesis of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.
particularly glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, propionate, and glucogenic amino acids.[1] Gluconeogenesis essentially reverses glycolysis
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and does not require oxygen. It occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic organisms.
Related to DKA how are ketones produced?
Ketone synthesis in the liver produces acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate from two acetyl CoA molecules. This process begins in the mitochondria of the liver after transporting the fatty acyl CoA molecule into the inner mitochondrial membrane by the carnitine shuttle.
Glycosuria
Glycosuria is a term that defines the presence of reducing sugars in the urine, such as glucose, galactose, lactose, fructose, etc. Glucosuria connotes the presence of glucose in the urine and is the most frequent type of glycosuria and is the focus of this review
Osmotic diuresis
Osmotic diuresis is increased urination due to the presence of certain substances in the fluid filtered by the kidneys. This fluid eventually becomes urine. The process of osmosis created by these substances cause additional water to come into the urine, increasing its amount.21 Jul 2022
Lipolysis
Lipolysis is the metabolic process through which triacylglycerols (TAGs) break down via hydrolysis into their constituent molecules: glycerol and free fatty acids (FFAs).
Hyperketonemia
Hyperketonemia is a condition with elevated blood levels of acetoacetate, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone. Several physiological and pathological triggers, such as fasting, ketogenic diet, and diabetes cause an accumulation and elevation of circulating ketones
Kuasmaul’s respiration
Kussmaul breathing is an abnormal breathing pattern characterized by rapid, deep breathing at a consistent pace. It’s a sign of a medical emergency — usually diabetes-related ketoacidosis (DKA), which can affect people with diabetes and people with undiagnosed Type 1 diabetes.
Polypharmacy
Polypharmacy is an umbrella term to describe the simultaneous use of multiple medicines by a patient for their conditions
