Endocrinology Flashcards
DM
Short acting SFU used in elderly.
Gliplizide.
DM
How much approximately SFU decrease HbA1C?
1.5
DM
Two examples of SFU
Gli-
Gliplizide, Glimepiride
Two classes of insulin secretors
1) SFU.
2) Meglitinide. Ex: Repaglinide.
Both causes increase in weight.
DM
Mention the classes of DM medications
A) Insulin secretors:
1- SFU 2- Meglitinide.
B) Glucose excretion:
Liver: 3- Biguinade. 4- TZD Kidney: 5- SGLT-2
C) Glucagon inhibitors:
6- GLP-1 7- DPP-4 Inhibitors
DM
Mention three examples of DPP-4 inhibitors
- Gliptin
- Saxa, lina, Alo, Sita
DM
Mention one exapmple of meglitinides
Repaglinide
One of insulin secretors classes. Like SFU
Will increase weight + causes hypoglycemia
DM
Contraindicated in bladder cancer
TZD (Pioglitazone)
CI in osteoporosis, bladder cancer and CHF
Which SGLT-2 causes fornier?
All, more with Canagliflozine.
DI
Managment of Li induce nephrogenic DI?
Amiloride
DI
What are the causes of nephrogenic DI?
Demeclocycline, Lithium, Renal diseases like uropathy, amyloid
DI
What electrolyte disturbance causes nephrogenic DI?
hypercalcemia, Hypokalemia,
DI
Expected urine osmolarity after vasopressin in central DI?
More than 600
AI
Mention 4 causes of Primary AI
1) Addison disease.
2) TB\Sarcoidosis.
3) Autoimmune polyglandular disease.
4) Shmidt syndrome.
AI
What is the difference between the two types of autoimmune polyglandular disease?
Both have hepatitis, celiac.
I:
- In children, primary hypoparathyroidsm, mucocutaneous diseases.
- In adults: DMI, Thyroiditis, premature ovarian failure.
AI
Triad of Shmidt syndrome
Type I DM, AI, hypothyroidism
AI
Myasthenia seen in which syndrome? (AI)
Autoimmune polyglandular disease Type II
AI
What are the features that differentiate between primary and secondary AI?
1) Normal K level in central AI.
2) Hyperpigmentation.
AI
Why there is normal K level in central AI?
- AGII still active.
AI
What are the causes of Adrenal crisis?
1) Sudden cessation of steroid.
2) Stress: Surgery, infection, psychological, GI illness is the most common cause.
3) Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage (Meningococcemia).
4) Pituitary apoplexy.
AI
Other lab parameters suggest AI?
Hypercalcemia and esonophilia.
AI
Approach for AI by lab parameters? how to diagnose?
Look at the figures.
AI
AI diagnosis steps with levels?
AI
What are the tests you can use for central AI?
1) Insulin tolerance test
2) metyrapone stimulation test
3) ACTH Level (to localize only)
