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FCRAP > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is meal ratio? Formula?

A

The amount of carbohydrate one unit of fast acting insulin will ‘metabolise’ to keep BLS in optimal range.
Meal ratio = 500/Total daily dose

If total daily dose in 50, then meal ratio = 10.
Ie, one unit of insulin will cover 10g carbohydrate

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2
Q

What is insulin sensitivity factor

A

The amount that the BSL will drop with 1 unit insulin

ISS = 100/Total daily dose

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3
Q

growth hormone

A

increased by: sleep, exercise, stress, trauma, sepsis, protein
decreased by: age, obesity, sugar

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4
Q

amiodarone induced thyrotoxicosis Rx

A

type 1: rx with carbimazole (increased vascularity)

type 2: rx with prednisolone (decreased vascularity)

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5
Q

High risk HLA for T1DM

A

HLA DR2/DQ3

HLA DR4/DQ8

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6
Q

What in utero infection increases the risk of T1DM

A

Congenital rubella

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7
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism - indications for surgery

A

Ca >0.25 LLN
Cx - bone disease, renal calculi
Age <50 y.o.
Want surg

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8
Q

Markers of bone resorption

A

Hydroxyproline
Deoxypyridiniline
N or C telopeptide

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9
Q

Markers of bone formation

A

ALP
Osetocalcin
Procollagen C terminal propeptide
Procollagen N terminal propeptide

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10
Q

exenatide / byetta MOA

A

GLP1 analogue; increases glucose dept secretion of insulin

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11
Q

high cholesterol

A

hypothyroid
nephrotic syndrome
cholestatic liver disease
pregnancy

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12
Q

high TGL

A 
alcohol
oestrogens
DM
renal disease
use fibrates? but no benefit added to statins; trend toward mortality
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13
Q

SERM

A

raloxifene
decreases vertebral fractures in OP
decreases breast cancer

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14
Q

MEN2

A

medullary thyroid CA + phaeo
2A: + parathyroid adenoma
2B: + neuromas + marfanoid

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15
Q

MEN1

A

pituitary + parathyroid + pancreas

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16
Q

Carney Syndrome

A

pituitary tumour + spotty skin pigmentation + myxomas + testicular / adrenal adenomas
PPKAR1A

17
Q

autoimmune polyglandular syndrome

A

Addisons + hypothyroid + candida + hypoparathyroidism

giving thyroxine can precipitate adrenal crisis

18
Q

Hyponatraemia

A 
serum osmol (expect low unless BGL, protein)
urine osmol (> 100 unless drinking too much H2O)
urine Na ( < 20 if low volume)
urine Cl (> 20 w diuretics)
19
Q

appetite stimulants

A

ghrelin

neuropeptide Y

20
Q

appetite suppressants

A

leptin
alpha MSH
CCK
PYY3-36

21
Q

testosterone

A

morning peak
low post food, in DM
SHBG low in obesity, DM; low total testosterone but free level normal in moderate obesity
totally low in severe obesity

22
Q

GH deficiency

A

< 5 post insulin tolerance test

23
Q

brown fat

A

thermogenic; mitochrondria rich

24
Q

pregnancy thyroid

A

over hypothyroid; increase thyroxine by 30%
hyperthyroid OK: aim high normal T4
PTU 1st ™; carbimazole 2nd, 3rd
post partum thyroiditis - avoid antithyroid drugs

25
Q

atypical femoral #

A

prodromal pain, bilateral, femoral shaft, minimal trauma, delayed healing, >5-7 years bisphosphonate use, GCC, PPI, no comminution, thick cortices, transverse or short oblique, medial braking
Rx: cease bisphos; teriparatide; prophylactic pinning of contralateral side

26
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

less likely to require laser if fenofibrate used

use ranibizumab for oedema (VEGF)

27
Q

Von Hippel Lindau

A

VHL tumour suppressor gene mutation
auto domt
noradrenaline secreting phaeos
renal cell, retinal, pancreatic, neuroendocrine tumours

28
Q

MEN2

A

ret gene mutation
adrenaline secreting phaeos
medullary thyroid cancer, primary hyperparathyroid

29
Q

Neurofibromatosis 1

A

neurofibromas, cafe au laid spots, CNS gliomas

adrenaline secreting phaeo

30
Q

SDHB

A

malignant paragangliomas
dopamine secreting phaeos
maternal imprinting

31
Q

corrected sodium

A

corr Na = Na + BGL / 3

32
Q

PCOS LH: FSH ratio

A

LH > FSH

ie: ratio > 1:1

FCRAP (19 decks)

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