Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Vertebrae Reproduction > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are Endocrine glands?

A

They secrete hormones (chemical messengers) to the blood or lymph and have no ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function of the hypothalamus ?

A

Sexual behavior and production and release of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are hormones that activate the reproductive system?

A
  • Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) –> LH FSH release
  • Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) –> TSH Prolactin release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anterior Pituitary hormones?

A

Gonadotropins:
- FSH
- LH
- Prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Posterior Pituitart hormones?

A
  • Oxytocin (contracts smooth muscles)
  • Anti Diuretic Hormone _ADH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are 2 Gonadal polypeptide hormones?

A
  • Relaxin: produced during pregnancy
  • Inhibin: diminishes FSH release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are Gonadal steriod hormones found in the body?

A

Ovary, testis, adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Types of steriod production?

A

-Androgens (testosterone)
- Estrogens (estadiol)
- Progestines (progesterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Estrus cycle

A

When female is sexually receptive (in heat) and ovulation
- includes follicular phase and luteal phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the main hormone during estrus cycle in the Follicular phase?

A

Estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the main hormone during estrus cycle in the Luteal phase?

A

structure- Corpus luteum
- Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 phases of Menstrual cycle?

A
  1. 4-6 days of mestruation (peeking of endometrium)
  2. Follicular: 8-10 days - follicules produce estradiol - endometrium thickens
  3. Luteal: 14 days - CL produces progesterone and estrogen - continued thickening of the endometrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Polyestrus?

A

having more than one period of estrus per year
(Cows, queen (cats), sow (pig))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is seasonally polyestrus?

A

Those animals with estrous cycles occurring only during certain seasons of the year, due to the amount of daylight
such as horses (Long day breeders- spring) and ewe (sheep- short day breeders - autumn)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is monoestrus?

A

having one estrous cycle per year.
such a dogs, wolves, and bears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two phases in the Follicular phase during estrus cycle?

A
  1. Proestrus - formation of an ovulatin follicule & increased estradiol secretion
  2. Estrus - peak estradiol secretion induces receptive behavior and ovulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two phases in Luteal phase during estrus cycle?

A
  1. Metestrus - formation of corpus lutem from folicular cells & beginning of progesterone secertion
  2. Diestrus - prolonged luteal secretion of high progesterone levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens during proestrus?

A
  • preovulatory follicle grows
  • Estradiol levesl rise
  • Endometrial glands grow
  • Peak estrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens during estrus?

A
  • enables the male to breed
  • estrogen levels decrease
  • Ovulation 24- 48 hrs after peak LH
  • increases mucus in cervix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens during Metaestrus?

A
  • low estrogen levels
  • ovulation in the cow and other similar species
  • Formation of Corpus hemorrhagicum
  • FSH levels increase (formation and growth of follicles)
  • contractions in the uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens during Diestrus?

A
  • high progesterone levels
  • FSH rises at a certain point to enable the ovulating follicle to grow
  • Contractions stop in the uterus
  • small corpus luteum at end of period if not pregnant - due to release of PGF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Canine estrus cycle:
Anestrus - __Months
(Follicular phase)
Proestrus - __ days
Estrus - ___ days
(Luteal phase)
Diestrus - ___ months

A

Anestrus - 5 Months
(Follicular phase)
Proestrus - 9 days
Estrus - 9 days
(Luteal phase)
Diestrus - 2 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is anestrus?

A

Anestrus refers to the phase when the sexual cycle rests. This is typically a seasonal event and controlled by light exposure through the pineal gland that releases melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Amenorrhea in women

A

the absence of menstruation during the reproductive years of a woman’s life
- prolonged reproductive cycle , seen in athletes and during lacation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are gonadotropin hormones?

A

FSH, LH, and Prolactic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the Placenta hormone produced in mares called and its use?

A

Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin - formation of accessory Corpus Luteum and pregnancy maintence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the job of Prostaglandin hormone PGF2a?

A

contracts blood vessels, corpus luteum breakdown, sperm motility, parturition (act of giving birth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the job of Prostaglandin hormone PGE2a?

A

Expands blood vessels, ovulation, corpus luteum maintenance, fetal implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does puberty begin with?

A

begins with the ability of sepcific hypothalamic neurons to provide enough GnRH to promote and support gametogensis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When is considered female puberty?

A
  • age at 1st estrus cycle
  • age at first ovulation
  • age @ which the female can keep a pregnancy **
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When is considered male puberty?

A
  • age at which male behavior begin to be expressed
  • age of first ejaculation
  • age at which sperm is first seen in the ejaculate
  • age at which sperm is first seen
  • age at which sperm is first seen in the urine
  • age at which there is a threshold number of sperm in the ejaculate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Age of puberty in Bovine

A

Male and Female - 11 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Age of puberty in Ovine (sheep)

A

Male and Female at 7 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Age of puberty in Equine

A

Male 14 months and Female 18 months
- horses are seasonal cycle - a large range because sexual maturity is in the spring (those born in the fall are sexually mature only in the following spring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What effects puberty?

A

hormones, genetics, environment, nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What hormone determines the time of puberty?

A

GnRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are potential inspectors of GnRH pulses during puberty?

A
  • development of surge center
  • change in feedback sensitivity to estradiol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

When is puberty in birds?

A

at 2 months of age (zebra finch, japanese quail)
- Song birds and parrots at one year
- larger birds around 3 years
- males later then females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

When is puberty in rodents such as ferret?

A

Females - 8-12 months
Males - 4-12 months
Seasonal Breeders - long day!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Monoestrus

A

cycle once or twice a year
In Bitches cycle twice a year
In Wolves once a year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Polyestrus

A

cycle many times during the year
such as Sows, sheep, cats

42
Q

Types of cyles in Cow, sheep, sow, & mare

A

type of cycle - long
Follicle development - spontaneous
Ovulation & CL formation - spontaneous
Cl function - spontaneous

43
Q

Type of cycle in Rats, mice, hamsters

A

type of cycle - short
follicle development - spontaneous
Ovulation and CL formation - spontaneous
CL function - Induced (prolactin)

44
Q

Type of cycle in Rabbit, queen, mink, ferret, alpaca

A

type of cycle- Induced
follicle development - spontaneous
Ovulation and CL formation - Induced (peak LH)
Cl function - induced

45
Q

Type of reproductive cycle:
Alpaca -
Bitch -
Cow -
Sheep-
Llama -
Mare -
Queen -
Sow -

A

Alpaca - polyestrus
Bitch - monoestrus (6 months)
Cow - polyestrus (21 days)
Sheep- Seasonal polyestrus (short day)
Llama - polyestrus
Mare - seasonal polyestrus (long day)21
Queen - seasonal polyestrus (long day) 17
Sow - polyestrus 21 days

46
Q

High or Low Melatonin levels during Long days/Short nights

A

low melatonin levels

47
Q

High or Low melatonin levels during Shory days/Long night

A

High melatonin levels

48
Q

Animals lacking placenta

A

reptiles, birds, fish, marsupials

49
Q

What are the 4 stages in polyestrus in cows, sheeps, and goats?

A

estrus, metestrus, diestrus, and proestrus

50
Q

What are the 3 stages of polyestrus in sows?

A

proestrus, estrus, diestrus

51
Q

what are the 4 stages of monoestrus in female dogs?

A

proestrus, estrus, diestrus, anetrus

52
Q

what are the 5 stages of seasonal polyestrus in felines?

A

proestrus, estrus, interestrus, diestrus, anetrus

53
Q

What does the follicular phase include?

A

Proestrus and estrus

54
Q

What does the Luteal phase include?

A

metestrus and diestrus

55
Q

What events occur in the follicular phase?

A
  • Rise in level of gonadotropin release from the anterior putitary
  • Follicle development/preperation for ovulation
  • Ovulation
56
Q

High or low levels of estrogen and progesteron during estrus?

A

High estrogen levels
Low progesterone levels

57
Q

What does estrogen cause?

A
  • blood flow enhancment
  • swelling of genitalia
  • rise in WBC
  • rise in mucoid secretions
  • rise in uterine musculature tonus
58
Q

During the follicular phase, what happens in the tonic center?

A

Releases small amplitude pulses of GnRH that stimulate release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary
- Causes growth and development of follicales in the ovary - follicles produce estrogen

59
Q

During the follicular phase, what happens in the surge center?

A

Responds in positive feedback to increase levels of estrogen (produced by follicle) in absence of progesterone to release LARGE quantities of GnRH which causes release of LH- ovulation

60
Q

During the follicular phase what do the rise in FSH levels cause?

A

Recruitment of new follicles

61
Q

What are the 4 follicle dynamics?

A

Recruitment
Selection
Dominance
Atresia (degenerative process)

62
Q

What is the process of recruitment in follicle dynamics?

A

Process of recruitment of primordial follicles from the ovarian stores

63
Q

What is the process of Selection in follicle dynamics?

A

Follicles chosen from the stores become atretic or continue to ovulate

64
Q

What is the process of Dominance during follicle dynamics?

A
  • Follicles that do not undergo atresia
  • Produce large quantities of estrogen
  • Progress to ovulation
65
Q

What are the hormonal dynamics in recruitment?

A

High FSH –> antral follicle growth
Low LH
No inhibin

66
Q

What are the hormonal dynamics of Selection?

A

Low FSH
Moderate LH
low inhibin (inhibit FSH secretion)

67
Q

What are the hormonal dynamics of Dominance?

A

Low FSH (cause other antral follcile to undergo atresia)
High LH (release from preovulatory center)
High inhibin (secreted by dominant follicle)

68
Q

Oogenesis

A

the process of the formation of a mature ovum from the oogonia in females. It takes place in the ovaries. During oogenesis, a diploid oogonium or egg mother cell increases in size and gets transformed into a diploid primary oocyte

69
Q

The female dog ovulates how long post LH surge?

A

2 days!

70
Q

What happens to a follicule that ovulated?

A

Shrinks, fills with blood, and corpus hemorrhagicum

71
Q

what is corpus hemorrhagicum?

A

(“bleeding corpus luteum”) is a temporary structure formed immediately after ovulation from the ovarian follicle as it collapses and is filled with blood that quickly clots

72
Q

How many follicular waves in Cow?

A

2-3 cycle

73
Q

How many follicular waves in sheep?

A

4-5 cycle

74
Q

How many follicular waves in Sow?

A

one wave cycle

75
Q

How many follicular waves in Mares?

A

2 wave cycles

76
Q

What animal ovulates a primary oocyte?

A

Dogs

77
Q

What is Luteolysis?

A

is the structural and functional degradation of the corpus luteum, which occurs at the end of the luteal phase of both the estrous and menstrual cycles in the absence of pregnancy.
- Dramatic decline is porgesterone levels
- Release of negative feedback of progesterone on the hypothalamus and hypohysis
- PGF2a is the luteolytic substance in domestic animals (endometrium)
- NO luteolysis in female dogs

78
Q

What is Leutinization?

A

the change of Theca and Granulosa cells to become functional luteal cells
Granulosa –> Large luteal cells
Theca interna –> small luteal cells

79
Q

Comparison between estrus and menstrual cycles

A

estrous cycle is the reproductive cycle of females of non-primate mammals in which the endometrium is reabsorbed by the walls of the uterus while menstrual cycle is the reproductive cycle of females of primate mammals in which endometrium is shed via bleeding

80
Q

Length of estrus in cows

A

12 -24 hours

81
Q

length of estrus in sow

A

4-36 hours

82
Q

length of estrus in mare

A

4 days

83
Q

length of estrus in sheep

A

24 hours

84
Q

Sexual behavior of the female cow

A
  • increased walking
  • increased vocalization
  • circle and tail lift
  • licking and increased cleaning
  • mount other females
85
Q

sexual behavior in mare

A
  • increased walking
  • tail “flagging”
  • urination stance or in front of male
  • exposure of the clitoris
  • vuvar “winking”
86
Q

sexual behavior in female sheep

A
  • short period of restlessness
  • “search” of a male
  • urination in front of male
  • stand stil
  • tail flagging
87
Q

sexual behavior of female goat

A
  • more “talkative”
  • tail waiving, wag, becomes sticky
  • milking goats five less milk
  • mount other females
  • urination
  • courts the male
88
Q

sexual behavior of the sow

A
  • mild discomfort
  • stand still
89
Q

sexual behavior of female dog

A
  • wandering
  • stand still
  • “flagging”
  • urination in front of male
    -rubbing head fondly
90
Q

sexual behavior of female cat - queen

A
  • vocalization
  • bending, rubbing head, rolling
  • lordosis
    -presentation of vulva
    -tail flagging
91
Q

What is the Flehmen response

A

curling back of upper lip exposing its front teeth
- females produce pheromones
- males : 3 alpha androstenol

92
Q

What animal has short time mating of 1-3 seconds?

A

Ox and sheep, cow

93
Q

What animal has continuous mating 5-20 seconds?

A

boar

94
Q

what animal has intermediate mating 20-60 seconds?

A

stallion

95
Q

Which animals use artificial vagina for semen collection?

A

stallion, goat, bull, dog, tomcat, sheep

96
Q

which animals use electroejaculation for semen collection?

A

boar, sheep, bull, stallion,camal, cat

97
Q

Which animals use manual semen collection?

A

swine, dog, sometimes cats

98
Q

Azoospermia

A

no sperm in ejaculate

99
Q

oligospermia

A

very low numbers of sperms in the ejaculate

100
Q

teratospermia

A

high number of defective sperms in the ejaculate

Vertebrae Reproduction (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions