Endocrinology Flashcards
1
Q
Differentiate the 2 Types of Glands
A
Exocrine: secrete through ducts
Endocrine: Secrete to the bloodstream
2
Q
A. Exocrine
B. Endocrine
- Localized secretion
- Generalized Effect
- Sweat Gland
- Parotid Gland
- Thyroid Gland
A
- A > B
- A < B
- A > B
- A > B
- A < B
3
Q
Classification of Most Hormones
1. Proteins & Polypeptide
2. Amino Acid Derivative
A
1 > 2
4
Q
True or False
1. Catecholamines are also neurotransmitters
2. Serotonin is a hormone derived from __
A
- True
- False; Tryptophan
5
Q
Hormones Derived from Tyrosine
A
- Catecholamines (NE, Epi, Dopamine)
- Thyroid Hormones
6
Q
A. Tyrosin Derived
B. Tryptophan Derived
C. Steroid Hormone
- Melatonin
- Cortisol, Aldosterone
- Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
- Calcitrol
- Dopamine
- Estrogens, Progesterone, Androgens
A
- B
- C
- A
- C
- A
- C
7
Q
Hormone synthesized from cholesterol
a. Estrogen
b. Prolactin
c. Oxytocin
d. Vasopressin
A
A: Estrogen (Steroid Hormone)
The other 3 aare derived from Proteins and Polypeptides
8
Q
A. Protein Hormone
B. Thyroid Hormone
- Water Solubility
- Lipid Solubility
- Protein-Binding
- Half Life
- Intracellular Target Receptor
- Extracellular Target Receptor
- GCPR Utilization
- Oral Drugs
- Stored in Secretory Vesicles or Endocrine Cells
A
- A > B
- A < B
- A < B
- A < B
- A < B
- A > B
- A > B
- A < B
- A = B
9
Q
A. Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
B. Androgens/Estrogens
- Water Solubility
- Lipid Solubility
- Protein-Binding
- Half Life
- Intracellular Target Receptor
- Extracellular Target Receptor
- GCPR Utilization
- Oral Drugs
- Stored in Secretory Vesicles or Endocrine Cells
A
- A > B
- A < B
- A < B
- A < B
- A < B
- A > B
- A > B
- A < B
- A > B
10
Q
Known as the controller of other hormones
* Major Controller
A
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
* Hypothalamus - it controls the ant pituitary
11
Q
Anterior Pituitary
1. Also known as
2. Originated from
Posterior Pituitary
1. Also known as
2. Originated from
A
Anterior Pituitary
1. Adenohypophysis
2. From Rathke’s Pouch
Posterior Pituitary
1. Neurohypophysis
2. From neural tissue outgrowth of the Hypothalamus
12
Q
Hormones produced by the Adenohypophysis
A
- Follicle Stimulating H
- Luteinizing H
- Adenocorticotropic H
- Growth H
- Thyroid Stimulating H
- Prolactin
13
Q
1. VR
A. Dopamine
B. Milk Production
2. QC Dopamine
A. Just after birth
B. Before birth
A
1.B: Increase in A will Decrease B
2. B: A < B
Dopamine = Inhibits Prolactin
14
Q
This hormone is synthesiized by adenohypohysis
a. FSH
b. GnRH
c. Oxytocin
d. Vasopressin
A
A: FSH
All the other 3 are synthesized in the hypothalamus
15
Q
This hormone is synthesiized by neurohypohysis
a. FSH
b. GnRH
c. Oxytocin
d. Vasopressin
e. None
A
E: None
FSH - Adeno
GnRH - Hypothalamus
Oxytocin & Vasopressin - synthesized in Hypothalamus, Secreted from Neurohypophysis
16
Q
Hormone that stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis during fasting state
a. Aldosterone
b. Growth Hormone
c. Insulin
d. Somatostatin
A
B: Growth Hormone
17
Q
Hormone that utilizes a second messenger in signal transduction
a. Aldosterone
b. Cortisol
c. Vasopressin
d. Progesterone
A
B: Vasopressin
A B & D are all steroid Hormones which do not have a second messenger since they are alreaddy located intracellularly
18
Q
Hormones produced by the Hypothalamus
a. LH & GnRH
b. Oxytocin & GHRH
c. FSH & TRH
d. Prolactin & Oxytocin
A
B: Oxytocin & GHRH
A: LH: ant Pituitary
C: FSH: Ant Pituitary
D: Prolactin: Ant Pituitary
19
Q
Effect of High GH to the ff during
A. Fasting State
B. Fed State
1. Gluconeogenesis
2. Protein Synthesis in muscles
3. Lipolysis
A
- A > B
- A < B
- A > B
20
Q
A. GH
B. IGF1
A
A: Increase in A will Increase B
21
Q
A. Sertoli Cells of Testes
B. Leydig Cells of Testes
1. Spermatogenesis
2. Testosterone Production
3. FSH
4. LH
A
- A > B
- A < B
- A > B
- A < B
22
Q
A. FSH
B. LH
1. Estrogen & Progesterone Production
2. Ovarian Follicle Development
3. Ovulation
A
- A < B
- A > B
- A < B
23
Q
Milk Production
A. Dopamine
B. Prolactin
A
A < B
24
Q
Gynecomastia
1. Prolactin
2. Dopamine
A
A: 1 > 2
25
ADH hormone mainly causes
A. Sodium and Water Reabsorption
B. Vasoconstriction and Water Reabsorption
**B**
Aldosterone is the one that causes sodium reabsorption
Vasopressin/ADH acts on the:
* B1 receptors of the Arterioles = Vasoconstrict
* Late DT and CCD for Water reabsorption
26
**A. V1**
**B. V2**
1. Water reabsorption causing receptor
2. Vasoconstriction causing receptor
1. **B:** A < B
2. **A:** A > B
27
**Vasopressin Release**
A. High Fluid Osmolarity
B. Low BP & BV
**A:** A > B
28
**A. Prolactin**
**B. Oxytocin**
1. Milk let down
2. Milk Production
3. Uterine Contraction
4. Breast Development
1. **B:** A < B
2. **A:** A> B
3. **B:** A < B
4. **A:** A> B
29
Oxytocin and Vasopressin are
* produced where?
* stored where?
* Paraventricular n and Supraoptic n. of the Hypothalamus.
* Neurohypophysis/ Pos. Pituitary
30
Thyroid hormones are found within the __
* Cells in the Thyroid that produces the hormones
* Precursor of Thyroid Hormones
Thyroglobulin
* Follicular Cells and Parafollicular Cells
* Iodine
31
**A. Follicular Cells**
**B. Parafollicular Cells**
1. Main cells of the Thyroid Gland
2. T3 and T4
3. Calcitronin
1. A > B
2. A > B
3. A < B
32
**A. T3**
**B. T4**
1. Thyroxine
2. Triiodothyronine
3. Amount of Hormone produced by the Thyroid G.
4. Activity of Hormone
5. Half Life
6. Fraction directly from Thyroid
7. Fraction from Peripheral Conversion
8. Relative Metabolic Potency
1. **B:** A < B
2. **A:** A > B
3. **B:** A < B
4. **A:** A > B
5. **B:** A < B
6. **B:** A < B
7. **A:** A > B
8. **A:** A > B
33
Enzyme that converts T4 to T3
Deiodinase
34
Process of Production of thyroid hormones
1. Hypothalamus secretes Thyrotropin RH
2. Ant. Pituitary is stimulated and releases Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
3. Thyroid Gland is stimulated and secretes T3 and T4
35
1. **VR**
A. T4/T3
B. TRH Secretion of Hypothalamus
2. **VR**
A. T3/T4
B. TSH Secretion of Ant Pituitary
1. **B:** Increase in A will Decrease B
2. **B:** Increase in A will Decrease B
36
1. **VR**
A. TRH Secretion of Hypothalamus
B. T3/T4
2. **VR**
A. TSH Secretion of Ant Pituitary
B. T3/T4
1. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
2. **B:** Increase in A will Increase B
37
# **VR:**
**A:** T3/T4
B: the following:
1. Contractility
2. Stroke Volume
3. Cardiac Output
4. Heart Rate
5. Pulse/Sytolic BP
6. Systemic Vascular Resistance
7. Diastolic BP
8. Diastolic Relaxation Time
9. Heat Production
10. CO2 Production
11. Basal Metabolic Rate
12. Weight of Patients
1. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
2. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
3. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
4. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
5. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B => due to increased contractility and HR
6. **B:** Increase in A will Decrease B = Vasodilate
7. **B:** Increase in A will Decrease B => due to decreased vascular resistance
8. **B:** Increase in A will Decrease B
9. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
10. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
11. **A:** Increase in A will increase B
12. **B:** Increase in A will Decrease B
38
A. Pulse Pressure
B. Systolic BP
C. Diastolic BP
Increase in 1 will Increase 2 and Decrease 3
39
1. **VR:**
A. Contractility
B. Stroke Volume
2. **VR**
A. Chronotropic Effect
B. Resting Heart Rate
3. **VR**
A. Heart Rate and SV
B. Cardiac Output
4. **VR**
A. Systemic Vascular Resistance
B. Diastolic BP
5. **VR**
A. Cardiac Output
B. Systolic BP
6. **VR**
A. Heart Rate
B. Diastolic Relaxation Time
7. **VR**
A. Heat/CO2 Production
B. Systemic Vascular Resistance
1. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
2. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
3. **A:** Increase in A will Increase
4. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
5. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
6. **B:** Increase in A will Decrease B
7. **B:** Increase in A will Decrease B
| Increased Heat/Metabolites = BV Dilation
40
Pancreas Function
A. Endocrine
B. Exocrine
**B:** A < B
41
Pancreatic Cell Type Secretions
1. a cells
2. b cells
3. delta cells
4. F/PP Cells
1. a cells -- Glucagon
2. b cells -- Insulin
3. delta cells -- Somatostatin
4. F/PP Cells -- Pancreatic Polypeptide
42
Process of Insulin Secretion
1. Glucose enters B Cells vial GLUT2
2. Glucose is phosphprylated into Glucose 6 Phosphate
3. Glucose undergoes metabolism = Generate ATP
4. Increased ATP closes ATP Mediated K+ Channels
5. Increased Intracellular K+ = Membrane Depolarization
6. Membrane Depolarization will open Voltage gated Ca+ channels
7. Increased Ca+ will cause margination and fusion of secretory vesicles into the cell membrane and release insulin content into the blood
43
1. **Insulin Secretion**
A. During Fasting
B. During Meals
2. **Insulin Secretion**
A. Early (Acute) Stage
B. Late (Chronic) Stage
3. **Diabetic Patients**
A. Early (Acute) Stage
B. Late (Chronic) Stage
1. **B:** A < B
2. **A:** A > B
3. **B:** A < B => they have no early stage
44
1. **VR**
A. Insulin
B. Glycogenesis
2. **VR**
A. Insulin
B. Protein Synthesis
3. **VR**
A. Insulin
B. Gluconeogenesis
4. **VR**
A. Insulin
B. Lipogenesis
5. **VR**
A. Insulin
B. FFA Beta Oxidation
6. **VR**
A. Insulin
B. Ketogenesis
7. **VR**
A. Blood Glucose
B. Glycolysis
8. **VR**
A. Blood Glucose level
B. Glucagon
9. **VR**
A. Blood Glucose Level
B. Growth Hormone
10. **VR**
A. Blood Glucose Level
B. Glycogenolysis
11. **VR**
A. Blood Glucose
B. Glycogenesis
12. **VR**
A.Food Intake
B. GLUT 4 Apperance
13. **VR**
A. Catecholamines
B. Glucose Levels
14. **VR**
A. Cortisol
B. Ketogenesis
15. **VR**
A. Incretins
B. Blood Sugar Levels
16. **VR**
A. GLP-1
B. Insulin Secretion
17. **VR**
A. GLP-2
B. Glucagon Secretion
18. **VR**
A. Insulin
B. Ketoacidosis
1. A: Increase in A will Increase B
2. A: Increase in A will Increase B
3. B: Increase in 1 will Decrease 2
4. A: Increase in A will Increase B
5. B: Increase in 1 will Decrease 2
6. B: Increase in 1 will Decrease 2
7. A: Increase in A will Increase B
8. B: Increase in 1 will Decrease 2
9. B: Increase in 1 will Decrease 2
10. B: Increase in 1 will Decrease 2
11. A: Increase in A will Increase B A: Increase in A will Increase B
12. A: Increase in 1 will Increase 2
13. B: Increase in 1 will Decrease 2
14. A: Increase in A will Increase B
15. B: Increase in A will Decrease B
16. A: Increase in A will Decrease B
17. B: Increase in A will Decrease B
18. B: Increase A will Decrease B
45
1. For Insulin sensitive cells of Fat and Skeletal Muscles
A. GLUT 2
B. GLUT 4
2. Where Glucose Enter the B Cells
A. GLUT 2
B. GLUT 4
3. Glucose going to the Brain
A. During Eating
B. During Fasting
4. Glucose going to the muscles and fats
A. During Meals
B. During Fasting
5. Insulin Inhibition
A. Anabolic reactions
B. Catabolic reactions
6. Triggered by Increased Insulin Secretion
A. Anabolic Reactions
B. Catabolic Reactions
7. GLUT 4 along cell membrane
A. During Meals
B. During Fasting
8. Increases Blood Sugar
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
9. Ketogenesis
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
10. Cellular Glucose Uptake
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
11. Glycogenolysis
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
12. Gluconeogenesis
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
13. Protein, mRNA synthesis
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
14. Lipogenesis
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
15. Lipolysis
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
16. K+ Uptake into the Cell
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
17. Incretin at the L Cells of Ileum
A. GLP 1
B. GIP
18. Incretin at the K Cells of Duodenum or Jejunum
A. GLP 1
B. GIP
19. Secretion of Incretins
A. In response to Fasting
B. In response to a Meal
20. Glucokinase and GLUT 4
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
1. B: A < B
2. A > B
3. A < B
4. A > B
5. A < B
6. A > B
7. A > B
8. A < B
9. A < B
10. A > B
11. A < B
12. A < B
13. A > B
14. A > B
15. A < B
16. A > B
17. A > B
18. A < B
19. A < B
20. A > B
46
1. Glucose transporter for Pancreatic Beta Cell
2. Glucose transporter for fats and muscles
3. Glucose transporter for Brain and RBC
4. Glucose Transporter for most mamalian cells - Brain
1. GLUT 2
2. GLUT 4
3. GLUT 1
4. GLUT 3
47
**Plasma Ca+ & Phosphorus**
1. **QC**
A. Bone Resorption
B. Bone Formation
2. **QC**
A. Renal Reabsorption
B. Renal Excretion
3. **VR**
A. GI Absorption
B. Ca+ & Phosphorus
1. **A:** A > B
2. **A:** A > B
3. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
48
Hormones involved in the regulation of Plasma Calcium and Phosphate
* Parathyroid Hormone
* Calcitriol (Active Vit D)
* Calcitonin
49
1. Presence of PTH
A. Ca reabsorption
B. PO43 reabsorption
2. Presence of PTH
A. Bone Resorption of Ca
B. Bone Formation of Ca
3. PTH
A. Renal Reabsorption of Ca
B. Renal Excretion of Ca
4. PTH
A. Renal Reabsorption of PO4
B. Renal Excretion of PO4
6. PTH
A. Bone Resorption of PO4
B. Bone Formation of PO4
7. Plasma concentarion with PTH
A. Ca+
B. PO4
8. Blood Ca+ and PO4 Levels during
A. Bone Resorption
B. Bone Formation
1. **A:** A > B
2. **C:** A = B
3. **A:** A > B
4. **B:** A < B
5. **C:** A = B
6. **A:** A > B
7. **A**: A > B
50
1. **VR**
A. PTH
B. Vitamin D activation
2. **VR**
A. Blood Ca+ Levels
B. PTH
3. **VR**
A. Blood Ca+ Levels
B. Calcium Reabsorption from Bones, Kidneys, GIT
4. **VR**
A. Vitamin D Activation
B. PTH
5. **VR**
A. Calcitriol
B. Bone Resorption
6. **VR**
A. Blood PO4 Levels
B. PTH
6. **VR**
A. Blood PO4 Levels
B. Renal Reabsorption
7. **VR**
A. PTH
B. Plasma Calcium
8. **VR**
A. PTH
B. Plasma Phosphate
9. **VR**
A. PTH
B. Active Vitamin D
1. **A:** Increase in A will Decrease B
2. **B:** Increase in A will Decrease B
3. **B:** Increase A will Decrease B
4. **B**: Increase in A will Decrease B
5. **A:** Increase in A will Decrease B
6. **A:** Increase A will Increase PTH
7. **B:** Increase in A will Decrease B
8. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
9. **B:** Increase in A will Decrease B
10. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
51
Give the Hormones produced:
1. Adrenal Medulla
2. Zona Glomerulosa
3. Zona Fasciculata
4. Zona Reticularis
1. Adrenal Medulla: Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
2. Zona Glomerulosa: Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
3. Zona Fasciculata: Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
4. Zona Reticularis: Androgens (DHEA, DHEAS, Androstenedione)
52
1. **VR**
A. Effective Circulating Volume
B. Zona Fasciculata Stimulation
2. **VR**
A. Effective Circulating Volume
B. Aldosterone
3. **VR**
A. Renin-Angiotensin
B. Aldosterone
4. **VR**
A. Potassium Levels
B. Aldosterone
5. **VR**
A. Aldosterone
B. ENaC
6. **VR**
A. Aldosterone
B. ROMK
7. **VR**
A. Aldosterone
B. Na+ H2O reabsorption
8. **VR**
A. Aldosterone
B. Plasma K
9. **VR**
A. Aldosterone
B. PH
10. **VR**
A. Aldosterone
B. Blood Pressure
1. **C:** Increase in A will not affect B (dapat Zona Glomerulosa)
2. **B:** Increase in A will Decrease B
3. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
4. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
5. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
6. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
7. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
8. **B:** Increase in A will Decrease B
9. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B (Metabolic Alkalosis)
10. **A** Increase in A will Increase B
53
# **QC**
1. Stimuli for Aldosterone Release
A. Hypovolemia
B. ACTH
2. Adrenal Medullla hormone secreted
A. Epinephrine
B. Norepinephrine
3. Sympathetic Postganglionic hormone secreted
A. Epinephrine
B. Norepinephrine
1. **A:** A > B
2. **A:** A > B
3. **B:** A < B
54
1. **VR**
A. Cortisol
B. Protein Catabolism
2. **VR**
A. Stress
B. Cortisol
3. **VR**
A. Cortisol
B. Levels of ACTH
4. **VR**
A. Cortisol
B. CRH release
5. **VR**
A. CRH release
B. Cortisol
6. **VR**
A. ACTH release
B. Gluconeogenesis
7. **VR**
A. Stress
B. CRH release
8. **VR**
A. CRH release
B. Lipolysis
9. **VR**
A. Cortisol
B. Insulin
10. **VR**
A. ACTH release
B. CRH Release
1. **A:** Increase in A willl Increase B
2. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
3. **B:** Increase in A will Decrease B
4. **B:** Increase in A will Decrease B
5. **A:** Increase in A will increase B
6. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
7. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
8. **A:** Increase in A will Increase B
9. **B:** Increase in A will Decrease B => counterregulate insulin, like glucagon
10. **B:** Increase in A will Decrease B
55
1. Androgen in Women
A. DHEA
B. Testosterone
2. Androgen in Men
A. DHEA
B. Testosterone
1. **A:** A > B
2. **B:** A < B
56
Blood sugar level if glucagon secretion is
A. High
B. Low
A: A > B
High Glucagon = Release Glucose to Blood
