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NU2057 Physiology > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones don’t consist of amino acids?

A

Sex hormones and adrenal hormones as they are steroids which consist of cholesterol

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2
Q

How is hormone secretion controlled

A

Negative feedback and positive feedback

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3
Q

Why would we use the blood to signal and not endocrine system?

A

As not every organ has nerves, so when we need to signal something to the whole body a humoral signal will be more efficient ie adrenaline

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4
Q

Other properties of hormones (name them+describe in head)

A

Half life
Duration of action
Synergy
Antagonism

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5
Q

How many hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?

A

9

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6
Q

What is the pituitary gland also known as?

A

Hypophysis

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7
Q

How is the anterior pituitary linked to the hypothalamus?

A

By blood vessels (hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system)

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8
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

A hormone that triggers the release of another hormone

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9
Q

What does growth hormone do? What does it mainly target?

A

Stimulates cells to increase in size and number. Targets bones and muscles mainly

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10
Q

What kind of metabolic effects does growth hormone have?

A

It increases fat usage for fuel
It promotes growth
These are direct and indirect

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11
Q

What regulates growth hormone?

A

GHRH
GHIH

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12
Q

What are the effects of oxytocin?

A

Stimulates uterine contractions during birth
Stimulates release of milk(+ve feedback)

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13
Q

What triggers uterus contractions?

A

Stretching of the uterine wall

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14
Q

What is the effect of Antidiuretic hormone?

A

Inhibits urine production and causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water

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15
Q

What is the production of urine called?

A

Diuresis

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16
Q

what do the thyroid hormones mainly consist of and what are they?

A

Iodine
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

17
Q

T4 and T3 are vital in the body, what areas are they not needed in?

A

Adult brain
Testes
Uterus
Thyroid

18
Q

How does calcitonin work in the bones?

A

Bone sparing
Decreases release of calcium from bones
Increases uptake of calcium into bones

19
Q

What is the treatment for myxoedema?

A

Iodine salts

20
Q

What controls T4 and T3 and how

A

By TSH in pituitary by negative feedback

21
Q

What are the 4 heat loss mechanisms+describe them in your head

A

Radiation
Convection
Conduction
Evaporation

22
Q

What mechanisms are activated when we lose heat?

A

Shivering
Restricted blood vessels
Erect hair

23
Q

What is the different between parathyroid hormone and calcitonin?

A

Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels in the body whereas calcitonin lowers calcium levels in the body

24
Q

How does PTH work?

A

It works by increasing calcium in the blood via action on bones from bony matrix, kidneys(increase reabsorption from nephrons) and intestines(increased absorption of calcium)

25
Q

What nutrient is PTH important for? Why is this vital?

A

It is important as to activate vitamin D in the kidneys. It is vital for absorption of calcium from food.

26
Q

What might hypoparathyroidism lead too?

A

Dysfunction of the diaphragm muscle
Muscle twitching

27
Q

What causes (i) hyperparathyroidism and (ii) hypoparathyroidism

A

(i)usually a tumour
(ii)usually due to thyroidectomy

28
Q

What is the active form of the thyroid hormone and where is it formed?

A

The active form is T3(triiodothyronine) and is formed in the target tissue

29
Q

What is the name for the breakdown of glucagon to glucose?

A

Glycogenolysis

30
Q

Glucose and lactic acid??

A

Gluconeogenisis- synthesis of glucose from lactic acid which increases blood glucose levels

31
Q

What is the main effect of insulin

A

The uptake and transport of glucose into most body cells from blood

32
Q

What are the main stimuli for insulin release(+ describe)

A

Blood glucose
Hormones
Diabetes type 1

33
Q

What hormones cause an increase in blood glucose levels?

A

Adrenaline
Glucagon
Thyroxine

34
Q

What does aldosterone do? Where is it produced?

A

Produced in the mineralocorticoids in the adrenal cortex

It regulates potassium in the plasma and also acts on the kidney nephrons to stimulate absorption of potassium

35
Q

What do the gonadocorticoids produce?

A

Weak sex hormones eg oestrogen in males

36
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

It gives us our fight or flight response involving adrenaline and noradrenaline

NU2057 Physiology (3 decks)

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