Endocrinology

Question 1

What hormones don’t consist of amino acids?

Answer 1

Sex hormones and adrenal hormones as they are steroids which consist of cholesterol

Question 2

How is hormone secretion controlled

Answer 2

Negative feedback and positive feedback

Question 3

Why would we use the blood to signal and not endocrine system?

Answer 3

As not every organ has nerves, so when we need to signal something to the whole body a humoral signal will be more efficient ie adrenaline

Question 4

Other properties of hormones (name them+describe in head)

Answer 4

Half life
Duration of action
Synergy
Antagonism

Question 5

How many hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?

Answer 5

9

Question 6

What is the pituitary gland also known as?

Answer 6

Hypophysis

Question 7

How is the anterior pituitary linked to the hypothalamus?

Answer 7

By blood vessels (hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system)

Question 8

What is a tropic hormone?

Answer 8

A hormone that triggers the release of another hormone

Question 9

What does growth hormone do? What does it mainly target?

Answer 9

Stimulates cells to increase in size and number. Targets bones and muscles mainly

Question 10

What kind of metabolic effects does growth hormone have?

Answer 10

It increases fat usage for fuel
It promotes growth
These are direct and indirect

Question 11

What regulates growth hormone?

Answer 11

GHRH
GHIH

Question 12

What are the effects of oxytocin?

Answer 12

Stimulates uterine contractions during birth
Stimulates release of milk(+ve feedback)

Question 13

What triggers uterus contractions?

Answer 13

Stretching of the uterine wall

Question 14

What is the effect of Antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 14

Inhibits urine production and causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water

Question 15

What is the production of urine called?

Answer 15

Diuresis

Question 16

what do the thyroid hormones mainly consist of and what are they?

Answer 16

Iodine
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Question 17

T4 and T3 are vital in the body, what areas are they not needed in?

Answer 17

Adult brain
Testes
Uterus
Thyroid

Question 18

How does calcitonin work in the bones?

Answer 18

Bone sparing
Decreases release of calcium from bones
Increases uptake of calcium into bones

Question 19

What is the treatment for myxoedema?

Answer 19

Iodine salts

Question 20

What controls T4 and T3 and how

Answer 20

By TSH in pituitary by negative feedback

Question 21

What are the 4 heat loss mechanisms+describe them in your head

Answer 21

Radiation
Convection
Conduction
Evaporation

Question 22

What mechanisms are activated when we lose heat?

Answer 22

Shivering
Restricted blood vessels
Erect hair

Question 23

What is the different between parathyroid hormone and calcitonin?

Answer 23

Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels in the body whereas calcitonin lowers calcium levels in the body

Question 24

How does PTH work?

Answer 24

It works by increasing calcium in the blood via action on bones from bony matrix, kidneys(increase reabsorption from nephrons) and intestines(increased absorption of calcium)

Question 25

What nutrient is PTH important for? Why is this vital?

Answer 25

It is important as to activate vitamin D in the kidneys. It is vital for absorption of calcium from food.

Question 26

What might hypoparathyroidism lead too?

Answer 26

Dysfunction of the diaphragm muscle Muscle twitching

Question 27

What causes (i) hyperparathyroidism and (ii) hypoparathyroidism

Answer 27

(i)usually a tumour (ii)usually due to thyroidectomy

Question 28

What is the active form of the thyroid hormone and where is it formed?

Answer 28

The active form is T3(triiodothyronine) and is formed in the target tissue

Question 29

What is the name for the breakdown of glucagon to glucose?

Answer 29

Glycogenolysis

Question 30

Glucose and lactic acid??

Answer 30

Gluconeogenisis- synthesis of glucose from lactic acid which increases blood glucose levels

Question 31

What is the main effect of insulin

Answer 31

The uptake and transport of glucose into most body cells from blood

Question 32

What are the main stimuli for insulin release(+ describe)

Answer 32

Blood glucose Hormones Diabetes type 1

Question 33

What hormones cause an increase in blood glucose levels?

Answer 33

Adrenaline Glucagon Thyroxine

Question 34

What does aldosterone do? Where is it produced?

Answer 34

Produced in the mineralocorticoids in the adrenal cortex It regulates potassium in the plasma and also acts on the kidney nephrons to stimulate absorption of potassium

Question 35

What do the gonadocorticoids produce?

Answer 35

Weak sex hormones eg oestrogen in males

Question 36

What does the medulla do?

Answer 36

It gives us our fight or flight response involving adrenaline and noradrenaline