Endocrinology

Question 1

Key Functions of Thyroid Hormone

Answer 1

• Increase BMR
• Increase heat production
• Sympathetic effect

Question 2

Characteristics of hyperthyroidism

Answer 2

• High TH levels
• Caused by graves disease
• Results in a goitre

Question 3

Characteristics of Graves disease

Answer 3

• Autoimmune disease that produces antibodies to thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin
• This activates TH release and can result in excess TH

Question 4

Characteristics of hypothyroidism

Answer 4

• Low thyroid levels
• Caused by lack of iodine, or hashimotos
• Can cause cretinism in neonates

Question 5

Characteristics of Hashimotos

Answer 5

• Auto antibodies attack thyroid gland

- Can be genetic or caused by environmental factors

Question 6

Where is GH released? And what happens when it gets to the liver?

Answer 6

• It is released from the anterior pituitary
• Binds to GH-Receptor in the liver, which stimulates the release of somatomedins (IGF-1 and IGF-11) which leads to growth promotion

Question 7

GH actions (direct and indirect)

Answer 7

Direct (via GH receptor)
-	Increases muscle mass, decrease fat deposits and increases metabolism 
Indirect (mediated by somatomedins)
-	Increases bone length and thickness
-	Promotes soft tissue and organ growth

Question 8

What happens in excess growth hormone

Answer 8

Acromegaly – enlarged extremities

Question 9

What happens when deficient in growth hormone

Answer 9

• No major symptoms in adult

- Pituitary dwarfism in children

Question 10

Characteristics of Cushings syndrome

Answer 10

• Excess glucocorticoids (cortisol)due to excess ACTH

- Moon face and buffalo hump