endocrine tox Flashcards
what are endocrine disrupting chemicals
exogenous compounds that disturb hormonal regulation and the normal endocrine system
is there only one mech of action by which EDCs act? What are the different ways they can act?
- mimic natural hormones – bind to hormone receptors and trigger similar effects
- block hormone receptors – prevent hormones from binding and exerting their effects
- interfere with hormone synthesis
- alter hormone metabolism
- affect hormone delivery to target tissues
t/f: you need a high level of EDCs for them to lead to effects
false! even very low doses can have a profound effect on exposed organisms
t/f: EDC mixtures will act the same as the EDC alone
false! mixtures can lead to compounded/synergistic effects
t/f: it doesn’t matter whether you give the EDC before, during, or after development
false! the timing relative to development and reproduction is critical
what is the DOHaD Premise
IN UTERO environmental interaction with genomic factors influences the risk of health and disease LATER! in life.
what is the main challenge of studying endocrine toxicity?
dont know whether the observed toxic response is a cause or a consequence of the endocrine dysfucntion
what are the 3 key players of the endocrine system
- the endocrine glands that produce and secrete the hormones
- the circulating hormones
- the target tissues that respond to the circulating hormones
whats the difference between primary and secondary endocrine organs
primary the main function is excreting hormones. secondaries have other functions besides excreting hormones.
what are the primary endocrine organs
pineal gland, hypothalamux, pituitary, thyroid parathyroid, adrenal gland, testes, overies, placenta, pancreas
what are the secondary endocrine organs
skin, heart, liver, stomach, kidney, small intestine.
whats is a hormone
substance produced by a ductless endocrine gland.
what are the three categories of hormones (what does each include)
whats the dif between hydrophobic and hydrophillic hormones wrt
- storage
- secretion
- transport in blood
- target receptors
the ___ pituitary receives peptide releasing hormones from the hypothal, and stimulates the release of hormones
the ___ pituitary is innervated by axons with cell bodies in the hypothalamus. nerve stimulation results in hormone release
whats the difference between the ant and post pituitary
what are the dif cell types in the ant pit; what do they do
what does GnRH lead to
what goes GHRH lead to
what does GHIH (somatostatin) lead to
what does TRH lead to
what does PIH (dopamine) lead to
what does CRH lead to
what are four categories of pituitary toxins
how do heavy metals like cadmium, mercury, and lead affect the endocrine system
how do pesticides like DDT, methoxychloride affect the endo system
how does endosulfan impact the endo system? what kind of toxin is this?
how do PCBs and PBDEs impact the endo system
how does dioxin (TCDD) impact the endo system
what is the molecular mech of dioxin toxicity
how does dioxin affect LH, FSH
what is the role of the adrenal gland
what is the function of the adrenal cortex vs medulla
t/f: the adrenal cortex ONLY makes cholesterol
describe the HPA axis pathway
which endo region are arsenic and DEHP toxins of
how is arsenic toxic to the HPA axis
describe the pathway by which DEHP interferes with the HPA axis
whats the function of the parathyroid glands
whats the function of the thyroid glands
describe the HPT axis
how are thyroid hormones synthesized
whats the difference between T3 and T4
how does T3 act
how does low dose vs high dose radioactive iodine impact the thyroid
how does butachlor impact the thyroid
how does PCB impact thyroid
what is PFAS; what are the two main types
whats the similarity and difference between polyfluro and perfluroralkyls
are short or long chain PFAS used more
what are long chain PFASs
what are short chain PFASs
where is PFAS found
what does the PFAS cycle demonstrate
what is seen about PFAS in northern indigenous communities
how do dietary differences affect PFAS levels
how does PFAS affect developement
what happens when exposed to PFAS during gestation
how did PFAS affect mice exposed during development
whats the relevance of breast milk to PFAS exposure
what are the thyroid effects of PFAS
BPA has a very close resemeblance to what endogenous molecule
where can you find BPA
what is polycarbonate made out of
how does BPA get released into foods through plastic (think bonds)
the elimination half life of BPA is
what is the primary metabolizer of BPA
does BPA bind to plasma binding porteins
where does BPA accumulate
what are the main toxic effects of BPA
what level of BPA is assumed to be safe
how would BPA compare to estradiol in the e-screen assay
what are some chemical replacements for BPA
where are phthalates found
when do phtalates become a risk
how do phtalates impact endo system
whats the dif between high weight and low weight phtalates
health effects of DEP
health effects of DBP
health effects of BBP
health effects of DEHP
how are phtalates biotransformed
how do phtalates interact with PPARs
what are parabens and where are they found
how are we exposed to parabens / how are they absorbed
what products are parabens found in
how do parabens impact the endo system
how do parabens affect sperm
what happens in the uterotrophic assay
how is paraben tox related to the ER and AR signalling pathways
this system is a major target for BPA, phtalates, and parabens
