ENDOCRINE, THYROID, HYPOGLYCERMICS, AND STEROIDS Flashcards
Body homeostasis is controlled by 2 major systems
Nervous System
Endocrine aka Hormonal System
The purpose of the Endocrine system is (4)
regulation of behavior
growth
metabolism
fluid and electrolytes
Hormones bind to, what two receptors types to trigger selective and diverse cellular responses.
membrane
nuclear
What are the 3 types of hormones
Protein/pepide
Tyrosine
Steriod
Examples of Protein/Peptide Hormones (Name 5)
Insulin GH ADH (Vasopressin) Angiotensin Prolactin Erythropoietin Calcitonin Somatostatin ACTH Oxytocin Glucagon PTH
Examples of Tyrosine-type Hormones
Thyroid Hormones: -Thyroxine -Triiodothyronine Catecholamines (Adrenal Medulla) - Dopamine - Epi - Nor Epi
Examples of Steroid Hormones
Adrenal Cortex Hormones:
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Reproductive Hormones
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Active Metabolites of Vit D
What are the 7 endocrine glands
Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Pancreas Adrenal Ovaries/Testes Placenta
MOA of Hormone Action:
Hormones bind to _______ and ______ receptors to trigger selective and diverse cellular responses.
Membrane
Nuclear
Membrane receptor binding (peptides and catecholamines) initiates signal transduction through enzymes such as?
Adenylate cyclase
Tyrosine Kinase
Serine Kinase
Steroids and Vit D bind to receptors on the _________ which regulate gene expression causing production of intracellular proteins and enzymes.
Nucleus
Another Name for the pituitary gland is?
hypophysis
What is the location of the hypothalamus?
Below the thalamus, behind the optic chiasm and between the optic tracts
True or False: The pituitary gland and hypothalamus have no BBB?
True
Which is a function of the hypothalamus (Select 4): Hunger/Satiety Sleep-Wake Nausea Reproduction Vision Water balance and Stress Thermoregulation
Hunger/Satiety Sleep-Wake Reproduction Water balance and Stress Thermoregulation
True or False: Oxytocin and ADH/Vasopressin are made in the Posterior Pituitary
FALSE - Oxytocin and ADH/vasopressin are made in the hypothalamus and are stored in the posterior pituitary
Releasing and Inhibiting hormones are released from the hypothalamus, travel along the ________ ________ via the ________ ________ vessels
Pituitary stalk
Hypophyseal Portal
The anterior pituitary makes up approximately what % of the pituitary gland?
80%
What are the 6 major peptide hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?
1) GH/Somatotropin
2) ACTH
3) TSH
4) FSH
5) LH
6) Prolactin
Which lipotropin is released by the anterior pituitary
Beta Lipoprotein
What is the function of Beta Lipoprotein?
Contains AA sequences of the several endorphins that bind to opioid receptors
Acromegaly Is a hypersecretion of what hormones and is typically caused by?
GH
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1
In Acromegaly, GH causes
Anatomical Changes
In Acromegaly, IGF-1 causes
Metabolic Changes
Acromegaly is a disorder of the Anterior or Posterior Pituitary?
Anterior
Common Features of Acromegaly are?
- Skeletal overgrowth- enlarged hands and feet, prognathic mandible
- Soft tissue overgrowth- enlarged lips, tongue, epiglottis distorted facial features
- Visceromegaly- enlarged liver, spleen, kidney and heart
- Hypertension
- Cardiomyopathy
- Osteoarthritis
- Glucose intolerance
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Skeletal muscle weakness
- Extrasellar tumor extension- headache, visual field defects
- Decreased life expectancy- cardiac and respiratory issues
GH hypersecretion prior to _______ (stage of life), will cause the individual to grow up to ____ to ___ feet tall?
Puberty
8 to 9
Pharmacological treatment for Acromegaly?
Octreotide or Ianreotide
Cabergoline
Pegvisomant
Stress dose glucocorticoid therapy
What is the MOA of Otreotide?
Inhibits the release of GH; Growth Hormone blocker
A major side effects of long-term use of octreotide are?
Name 3
Gall stones
Hyperglycemia
Decrease Glucose tolerance
What is the MOA of Cabergoline?
Dopamine Antagonist