endocrine systems Flashcards
hormones
chemical messengers produced by particular endocrine glands- out into effect elsewhere
endocrine glands
- ductless glands
- produce and release chemicals directly into the nervous system
(remember exo vs endo)
non-target hormone
affects many cells or tissues throughout the body
target hormone
site specific
tropic hormone
activate OTHER endocrine glands to do things
non-tropic hormone
stimulate other target tissues to do things
steroid hormones
- fat soluble
- pass easily through the cell and nuclear membranes
- combine with receptors inside the nucleus
antagonistic hormones
- have opposing effects
ex. insulin lowers blood glucose levels, glucagon increases blood glucose level
postive feedback
- stimulates the production of more of itself
negative feedback
- inhibits the production of more of itself
endocrine glands
- release hormones in the bloodstream
hypothalamus
- produces oxytocin and ADH
- secretes releasing hormones that stimulate the synthesis of tropic hormones from the pituitary
- endocrine gland
pituitary gland
- releases hormones that effect what they release and when (GOAT FLAP)
GOAT FLAP
- hGH
- Oxytocin
- ADH
- TSH
- FSH
- LH
- ACTH
- PRL
TSH
- thryroid stimulating hormone
- stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxine
ACTH
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol and aldosterone
hGH
- human growth hormone
- stimulates the liver to release growth factors
hyposecretion of hGH
dwarfism
hypersecretion of hGH
gigantism
ADH
- anti-diuretic hormone
- maintaining water balance
- stimulates nephrons to become more permeable to water (more water back to the body)
hyposecretion of ADH
- diabetes insipidus
- low urine output (clear)
hypersecretion of ADH
- dehydration
- lots of water reabsored
- low urine output
thyroid gland
- stimulated by TSH
- releases thyroxine (T4)
- iodine is used to produce thyroid hormone
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid due to an iodine deficiency
thyroxine
- affects all tissues
- increases metabolic rate/cell resp
- regulates growth and development
hyposecretion of thyroxine
- hypothydroidism
- low energy
- weight gain
- low body temp.
- constipation
treatments of hypothydroidism
- increase iodine in diet
- decrease of cell resp
- synthetic thyroxine supplement
hypersecretion of thyroxine
- hyperthydroidism (graves disease)
- increase of cell resp
- nervous and irritable
- high body temp
- eyes bulge
- diarrhea
treatments of hyperthyroidism
- anti-thyroid medication
- radioactive iodine to destroy all parts of the thyroid gland
- surgery to remove parts of the thyroid
calcitonin
- released by the thyroid
- puts calcium into your bones
- lowers blood calcium levels (Ca+ is going to bones to be stores)
- antagonistic to PTH
- reduces calcium uptake in intestines and kidneys
parathyroid glands
- embedded in the thyroid gland
- calcium regulation
- secrete PTH (parathyroid hormone)
PTH
- parathyroid hormone
- antagonistic to calcitonin
- raises blood calcium levels
- stimulates the release of Ca+ from the bones
osteoperosis
low Ca+ in bones
the pancreas
- exo AND endocrine gland
- produces hormones that regulate blood glucose levels
islets of langerhans
- cluster of cells
- produce alpha and beta cells
- part of the pancreas
alpha cells
produce the hormone glucagon
beta cells
produce the hormone insulin
glucagon
- increases blood glucose levels
- secreted from alpha cells
- rapidly increases the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
hyposecretion of glucagon
- hypoglycemia
- low blood glucose levels
hypersecretion of glucagon
- hyperglycemia
- high blood glucose levels
insulin
- increases permeability of all cells to glucose
- encourages storage of glucose as glycogen
- glucose to fat in adipose tissue
- secreted by beta cells
hyposecretion of insulin
- hyperglycemia
- high blood glucose levels
hyposecretion of insulin
- hypoglycemia
- low blood glucose levels
diabetes mellitus - type one
- insufficient insulin is being produced
- insulin dependent
- destruction of beta cells that produce insulin
diabetes mellitus - type two
- when the insulin receptors of target cells are unresponsive
treatments for type one diabetes
- insulin injections
- insulin pump
treatments for type two diabetes
- lower carb diet and increased exercise
- decrease sugar just all together
- increase the sensitivity of your cells to insulin
- decrease glucagon effectiveness
adrenal glands
- on top of each kidney
- long and short term stress response
adrenal cortex
- responds to ACTH
- responds to long term stress
- produces coiticoids
cortisol
- one type of corticoids
- responds to long term stress
- increases blood glucose levels
- promotes breakdown of muscle protein into amino acids –> amino acids go to liver –> produces glucose –> goes to blood
- promotes breakdown of fat cells which release glucose
hypersecretion of cortisol
- crushing’s disease
- weight gain
- easy bruising
- hair loss
aldosterone
- one type of corticoids
- released in response to low blood pressure/low Na+ levels
- increases BP by increasing water retention
- increases reabsorption of Na+ in the kidnets back into the blood (water follows sodium)
damaged adrenal cortex
- addison’s disease
- includes hypoglycemia
- sodiuma nd potassium imbalances
- rapid weight loss
- general weakness
- low Na+ in blood, high in urine
adrenal medulla
- short term stress response
- produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
- sympathetic response to stress
epinephrine
- hormone
- neurotransmitter
- emotional stress
- high blood glucose
- weight gain
- sympmathetic response to stress
(ex. anxiety, excitement)
norepinephrine
- physical stress
- high blood glucose
- weight gain
- hormone
- neurotransmitter
- sympathetic response to stress
(ex. due to the cold)
