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Endocrine systems Flashcards

1
Q

Function of endocrine systems

A

Regulation of homeostasis by slow, long-lasting chemical signalling. Hormones secreted from glands act on target organs via circulatory system and often requires activation by the nervous system

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2
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms for glands?

A

Endocrine (internal) or exocrine (external)

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3
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Brain area with various physiological functions important for maintaining homeostasis by linking nervous and endocrine systems

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4
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

Completes homeostasis

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5
Q

Gland

A

Produces hormones

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6
Q

Hormones

A

Have effects on different targets and can be secreted at different rates

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7
Q

A target

A

Acted upon by different hormones

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8
Q

Chemical

A

Acts as a hormone or neurotransmitter

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9
Q

Tropic vs Non-tropic hormone

A

Tropic: regulates production/secretion of another hormone in a gland
Non-tropic: has a direct effect on target organ

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10
Q

Name 3 different hormones

A

Peptides, amines and steroids

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11
Q

Peptides

A

Preprohormone precursor is translated and packaged into vesicles to be stored in cytosol. These vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and release the hormone into the blood

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12
Q

Amines

A

Synthesized from amino acid tyrosine by enzymes, packaged into secretory vesicles and stored until release where vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and released into blood

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13
Q

Steroids

A

Synthesized from lipid cholesterol by enzymes, diffuse across the plasma membrane into blood when synthesizes and can be converted into different hormones once in blood

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14
Q

Water-soluble vs Lipid soluble hormones

A

Water-soluble: free in blood or bind to plasma proteins and include peptides and some amines
Lipid-soluble: bound to plasma proteins and include steroids and some amines.

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15
Q

What are the 2 hormone receptors?

A

Membrane and internal

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16
Q

Membrane receptors

A

Hormone binds to receptor on outside of plasma membrane which induces enzyme activation and change in protein synthesis

17
Q

Internal receptors

A

Free hormone diffuses across plasma membrane into cell, hormone binds to internal receptor in cytosol. Hormone-receptor complex induces response by binding to DNA to change protein synthesis

18
Q

Hormone regulation

A

Depends on the solubility of the hormone and the nature of response induced by the hormone. Hormones secreted into circulation become diluted as only low concentration is needed for an effect on target

19
Q

Neuroendocrine reflexes

A

Produce sudden increase in hormone secretion in response to a stimulus detected by nervous system and can be internal or external

20
Q

Where are hormones inactivated?

A

Liver, kidney, blood and cells

21
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Becomes activated after metabolism

22
Q

How can downregulation help with hormone response?

A

Decrease in receptors helps to prevent too much response if hormone levels are too high

23
Q

Hormone permissiveness

A

For a hormone to work another hormone must be present

24
Q

Hormone synergism

A

Combined effect of hormones is more than their separate effects

25
Q

Hormone antagonism

A

One hormone reduces levels of receptor for another hormone

26
Q

How are endocrine disorders caused?

A

Due to abnormal hormone secretion or abnormal response to hormone with normal hormone levels

27
Q

What are the 2 types of endocrine disorders?

A

Hyposecretion and hypersecretion

28
Q

Hyposecretion

A

Decrease in secretion of a hormone by a gland or of a tropic hormone

29
Q

Hypersecretion

A

Increase in secretion of a hormone by a gland or of a tropic hormone

30
Q

What are endocrine disrupting chemicals?

A

Chemicals made by humans in sewage and waste which effects gonadal hormones directly

31
Q

Biological rhythms

A

Regular variations in physiology and behaviour which oscillate which can be classified as internal or external

32
Q

Cortisol vs Corticosterone

A

Cortisol: hormones peak in the day
Corticosterone: hormones peak in the evening

33
Q

Biological clocks

A

Maintain endogenous rhythms independently by setting patterns and getting used to changes in functions and day lengths

34
Q

What is the Zeitgeber?

A

External cues which set biological rhythms

35
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Part of the hypothalamus where the rhythm of neuronal activity is maintained by clock genes

36
Q

The retina

A

Light sets the circadian rhythm to 24 hours, activates photoreceptors which activate clock genes in neurones in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

37
Q

Pineal gland

A

Receives light input indirectly, controls rhythmic production and secretion of melatonin hormone with high levels at night and low levels in day

Physiology (10 decks)

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