Endocrine System (Test 2) Flashcards
Where is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreted from?
Pituitary Gland
Where is progesterone secreted from?
ovaries
Which hormones regulate calcium absorption?
Vitamin D (calcitriol) increases calcium absorption; parathyroid hormon (PTH) increases Vitamin D synthesis.
Where is insulin secret from?
Pancreatic β-cells
What class does the receptor of testosterone belong to?
Nuclear receptor.
Compare Endocrine System vs. Nervous System
Both are body essential communicating systems. The nervous system sends signals via neurons to specific targeting cells. The endocrine system sends hormones through blood that affect near and far cells nonspecifically. Endocrine system’s action is slower and longer in comparision with that of nervous system.
What is the hormone secreted from the adipose tissue that controls food intake?
Leptin
What is the pituitary peptide that stimulates the thyroid gland?
Thyroid stimulating hormone
What is the largest class of hormones, in terms of number of hormones/class?
protein or peptide hormones
How are steroid hormones made?
enzymatic conversion from cholesterol
What is the type of chronotropic control observed within the endocrine system that is episodic and occurs at a pulse frequency of 24 hours?
Circadian secretion
Amino Acid Derivatives include:
Thyroid hormones are basically a “double” tyrosine with the critical incorporation of 3 or 4 iodine atoms. Catecholamines include epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine, which are used as both hormones and neurotransmitters. Others: serotonin, melatonin etc
What is the receptor of catecholamine?
Adrenergic receptor that is a 7-trans-membrane spanning protein.
What does a shift of the hormone dose response curve to the right from the control biologic response curve indicate?
An ED50 dose of hormone that is greater than before the shift occurred. The response of receptor (binding, activity etc) is reduced for the same concentration of hormonal stimulation.
What is the relationship between the metabolic clearance of a hormone and its half-life?
The shorter the half-life the higher the metabolic clearance number
Can you give examples of the way that the nervous system integrates its control with the classical endocrine system?
Hypothalamus secretion of releasing hormones, hypothalamus secretion of posterior pituitary hormones, adrenal medulla secretion of catecholamines, autonomic nervous system control of endocrine secretion.
In complex control systems there are usually three hormones secreted in a consecutive relationship. Where is the tertiary endocrine gland found in this arrangement?
At the hypothalamus
In the negative feedback of complex neuroendocrine control systems; what happens if negative feedback from the primary gland hormone decreases for some reason?
The secondary gland increases secretion of its tropic hormone
Assume there is a primary hyposecretion of a hormone (i.e. the peripheral endocrine gland such as the adrenal, thyroid, and gonads). Which hormone pattern of the primary and secondary gland best describes this clinical event?
The tropic hormone is high because of lack of negative feedback by the primary gland hormone which is low.
Where is corticotropin releasing hormone secrete from?
Hypothalamus
What is the peptide hormone secreted by the pancreas α-cells that raises plasma glucose by its action in the liver?
Glucagon
What is the relationship among insulin, glucagon and somatostatin?
All inhibit to each other except glucagon stimulates the other two.
What is the critical step by which 25-OH-D is converted to the activate form 1,25-(OH) D?
In kidney, the enzyme 1α-hydraxylase converts 25-OH-D to the 1,25-(OH) D.
Which class size the steroid hormones belonging to?
The intermediate class size (hormone number/class) of hormones
What is the function of T3 thyroid hormone?
Decreases TSH from the anterior pituitary, increases basal metabolism all over the body, plays a significant role in brain growth and development
What are the characteristic actions and functions of prolactin?
Stimulation of milk secretion by the mammary glands, a synergistic action with LH and FSH with on the ovary or testis causing gamete and hormone production by these tissues, acting as an immune boosting hormone
What is the indole hormone secreted from the pineal gland?
Melatonin, which is a tryptamine derivative
Can you give examples of hormones that act mainly through a nuclear receptor?
T3 and T4, testosterone, Vit D, estradiol, cortisol, progesterone, aldosterone etc.
What is ultradian rhythm?
A type of chronotropic control observed within the endocrine system that is episodic and occurs at a pulse frequency of less than 24 hours and greater than 1 hour
What is primary hyposecretion?
A condition whereby the primary endocrine gland (i.e. the 3rd gland from the hypothalamus) hyposecretes its hormone
What is the steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal that regulates sodium reabsorption by the kidney?
Aldosterone, which is secreted from Zona glomerulosa
What is the location of receptor of protein hormone?
Membrane
What is the hormone that specifically inhibits the pituitary secretion of ACTH?
Cortisol
In complex control systems there are usually three hormones secreted in a consecutive relationship. Where is the primary endocrine gland located?
periphery (i.e. away from the brain)
What is other name of vasopressin?
ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)
What is Cushing syndrome and Addision’s disease?
Cushing syndrome is resulted from hypersecretion of cortisol; Addison’s disease is resulted from hyposecretion of cortisol
What is the effect of plasma thyroid hormone on TSH and TRH secretion?
inhibition
How many hormones are released from pituitary gland? Name them and anterior vs posterior.
1) Anterior: FSH, LH, GH, TSH, Prolactin, ACTH
2) Posterior: Oxytocin, vasopressin
How many and what hormones are released from hypothalamus?
GnRH, GHRH, SS, TRH, DA, CRH
What are the common stimulators for insulin release from human pancreatic
β -cells?
Glucagon, Potassium, Glucose, Amino acids, Fatty acid
What are the common inhibitors for insulin release from human pancreatic β -cells?
Somatostatin, epinephrine, norepinephrine
What are hormones secreted from adrenal gland?
Aldosterone, cortisol, androgen, epinephrine, norepinephrine
What are the major differences between type I and type II diabetes mellitus?
Type I diabetes (or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, juvenile diabetes) is a defect in β-cells, which are largely missing due to auto-immune attack. Type II diabetes (or insulin independent diabetes mellitus) is a defect in non-β-cells (muscle, liver, adipose), where the insulin receptor and its signaling pathways are damaged.
Name three major function of glucocorticoid
1) anti-inflammatory, 2) suppress immune system, 3) increase blood glucose level.
What are major defective sites of Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus, respectively?
Type I diabetes mellitus lacks pancreatic β-cells, so it is insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Type II diabetes mellitus fails in function of insulin receptor, so that it is non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
