Endocrine System Test

Question 1

Where are the endocrine glands located in the body?

Answer 1

Scattered throughout the body: brain (hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal), neck (thyroid, parathyroid), abdomen (adrenal glands, pancreas), reproductive organs (testes, ovaries), and others (placenta, kidneys, GI tract).

Question 2

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Answer 2

Exocrine: Secrete substances through ducts (e.g., sweat, saliva, digestive enzymes). Endocrine: Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Question 3

How is hormone secretion usually controlled?

Answer 3

By a feedback system (mostly negative feedback) and a cell that has receptors for a particular hormone is a target of that hormone.

Question 4

Name 10 major endocrine glands.

Answer 4

Hypothalamus, Anterior pituitary, Posterior pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Pancreas, Adrenal glands, Testes, Ovaries, Pineal gland.

Question 5

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Answer 5

Part of the diencephalon (forebrain).

Question 6

What are three functions of the hypothalamus?

Answer 6

Appetite control, Body temperature regulation, Sleep/wake cycles.

Question 7

What is the tiny blood vessel system linking hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

Answer 7

Portal system.

Question 8

What are the ‘light switch’ hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

Answer 8

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and Oxytocin.

Question 9

What is the stress hormone produced quickly?

Answer 9

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

Question 10

What are the two hormones made in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary?

Answer 10

ADH and Oxytocin.

Question 11

Name seven anterior pituitary hormones.

Answer 11

GH (growth hormone), ACTH, TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), PRL (prolactin), MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone).

Question 12

What is somatotropin?

Answer 12

Growth hormone (GH).

Question 13

What causes milk fever and eclampsia?

Answer 13

Low blood calcium (hypocalcemia).

Question 14

What hormone regulates metabolism of proteins, carbs, and lipids?

Answer 14

Thyroid hormone.

Question 15

What hormone deficiency causes dwarfism?

Answer 15

Growth hormone.

Question 16

What hormone triggers/maintains lactation?

Answer 16

Prolactin.

Question 17

What happens to prolactin production when drying up?

Answer 17

Decreases due to lack of nipple stimulation (no feedback loop).

Question 18

What is the effect of prolactin on males?

Answer 18

May influence testosterone and sexual behavior.

Question 19

What is thyrotropic hormone?

Answer 19

TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone).

Question 20

What hormone controls adrenal cortex growth and hormone release?

Answer 20

ACTH.

Question 21

What stimulates ovarian follicle growth?

Answer 21

FSH.

Question 22

What stimulates spermatogenesis?

Answer 22

FSH.

Question 23

What is LH in males known as?

Answer 23

Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone (ICSH).

Question 24

How does PTH prevent hypocalcemia?

Answer 24

Stimulating osteoclasts, Increasing calcium absorption in intestines, Increasing calcium reabsorption in kidneys.

Question 25

What hormone affects color in amphibians/fish?

Answer 25

MSH (Melanocyte-stimulating hormone).

Question 26

What hormone peaks to cause ovulation?

Answer 26

LH.

Question 27

What is the temporary endocrine structure releasing progestins?

Answer 27

Corpus luteum (CL).

Question 28

What hormones are produced in the posterior pituitary?

Answer 28

It stores hormones but doesn’t produce them. Produced in hypothalamus: ADH and Oxytocin.

Question 29

What hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?

Answer 29

ADH and Oxytocin.

Question 30

What are the targets of Oxytocin?

Answer 30

Uterus and mammary glands.

Question 31

What does Oxytocin cause during birth?

Answer 31

Uterine contractions to aid in birth (parturition).

Question 32

What is the target and function of ADH?

Answer 32

Kidneys; promotes water retention.

Question 33

What does thyroid hormone include?

Answer 33

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine).

Question 34

What hormone prevents hypercalcemia?

Answer 34

Calcitonin.

Question 35

How does Calcitonin decrease blood calcium?

Answer 35

By inhibiting osteoclasts (less bone breakdown).

Question 36

What is the master gland?

Answer 36

Pituitary gland.

Question 37

What are the clinical signs of thyroid dysfunction?

Answer 37

Hyperthyroid: weight loss, hyperactivity, increased appetite. Hypothyroid: weight gain, lethargy, hair loss. Cats = hyperthyroid, Dogs = hypothyroid.

Question 38

What are three ways PTH prevents hypocalcemia?

Answer 38

Stimulates osteoclasts, Increases intestinal absorption, Enhances kidney reabsorption.

Question 39

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 39

Cranial to the kidneys.

Question 40

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 40

Steroid hormones.

Question 41

What system does the endocrine system work with?

Answer 41

Nervous system.

Question 42

What are the three steroid hormone groups from the adrenal cortex?

Answer 42

Glucocorticoids (cortisol), Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), Sex hormones (androgens).

Question 43

What hormones affect blood glucose (BG)?

Answer 43

Glucocorticoids.

Question 44

What is the function of aldosterone?

Answer 44

Regulates sodium/water retention, blood pressure.

Question 45

Where is the medulla located?

Answer 45

Inner portion of adrenal gland.

Question 46

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

Answer 46

Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 47

What is epinephrine also known as?

Answer 47

Adrenaline.

Question 48

What response is adrenaline part of?

Answer 48

Fight-or-flight response.

Question 49

What is the effect of adrenaline?

Answer 49

Increases HR, BP, dilates airways, redirects blood flow to muscles.

Question 50

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 50

Near duodenum in abdomen.

Question 51

What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

Answer 51

Islets of Langerhans.

Question 52

What are two important pancreatic hormones?

Answer 52

Insulin and glucagon.

Question 53

What is the effect of insulin?

Answer 53

Lowers blood glucose by facilitating cell uptake.

Question 54

What is the effect of glucagon?

Answer 54

Raises blood glucose by promoting glycogen breakdown.

Question 55

What are the gonads?

Answer 55

Male: testes, Female: ovaries.

Question 56

What is the main androgen from interstitial cells?

Answer 56

Testosterone.

Question 57

What are the two main hormone groups from ovaries?

Answer 57

Estrogens and progestins.

Question 58

What are the follicular hormones causing changes in females?

Answer 58

Estrogens.

Question 59

What hormones does the corpus luteum release post-ovulation?

Answer 59

Progestins (e.g., progesterone).

Question 60

Where are fight-or-flight hormones produced?

Answer 60

Adrenal medulla.

Question 61

Where is erythropoietin made?

Answer 61

Kidneys; stimulates RBC production.

Question 62

What organ is large in young animals and atrophies with age?

Answer 62

Thymus.

Question 63

What structure affects sleep/wake cycle and makes melatonin?

Answer 63

Pineal gland.

Question 64

What are hormone-like substances involved in many functions?

Answer 64

Prostaglandins.

Question 65

What structure supports the fetus and makes pregnancy hormones?

Answer 65

Placenta.

Question 66

What happens to thyroid hormone in cold conditions?

Answer 66

Increases metabolism for heat. Animal may grow a thicker coat, eat more. Happens seasonally in winter.

Question 67

Which endocrine gland stores large amounts of hormone?

Answer 67

Thyroid gland.

Question 68

What causes milk fever and eclampsia?

Answer 68

Hypocalcemia.

Question 69

Where is melatonin produced?

Answer 69

Pineal gland.

Question 70

What are the symptoms of ADH deficiency?

Answer 70

Polyuria, polydipsia (Diabetes insipidus).

Question 71

Which gland's dysfunction causes vague signs?

Answer 71

Thyroid gland.

Question 72

What are chemical messengers in the nervous and endocrine systems?

Answer 72

Nervous system: Neurotransmitters. Endocrine system: Hormones.

Question 73

Chemical messengers

Answer 73

Nervous system: Neurotransmitters Endocrine system: Hormones