Digestive System Test Flashcards
1
Q
Are the contents of the GI tract considered to be inside or outside of the body?
A
Outside of the body!
2
Q
What is the main diet for herbivores?
A
Plant material
3
Q
What is the main diet for carnivores?
A
Meat
4
Q
What is the main diet for omnivores?
A
Meat and plant material
5
Q
What are the functions of the digestive tract?
A
- Prehension (grasping) of food with lips or teeth
- Mastication (chewing) – mechanical grinding and breaking down of food.
- Chemical digestion of food (stomach – acid)
- Absorption of nutrients and water (intestine)
- Elimination of wastes (defecation)
6
Q
What are the layers of the digestive system from innermost to outermost?
A
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscle layer
- Serosa
7
Q
What is the mesentery and what does it contain?
A
Sheets of connective tissue that suspend the digestive tube in the abdomen from the dorsal body wall.
Contains blood and lymph vessels and also nerves that supply the GI tract.
8
Q
What are the 2 types of muscle involved in the digestive system?
A
- Skeletal
- Smooth
9
Q
What is peristalsis?
A
Circular muscle contractions, happens in wavelike movement along the tract. Propels digestive tract contents along the tube ahead of them.
10
Q
What do segmental contractions do?
A
Mix digestive system contents and slows their movement through the tract.
11
Q
What is the buccal cavity also known as?
A
Mouth or oral cavity
12
Q
What does heterodont dentition refer to?
A
Teeth of differing shapes and sizes
13
Q
What are the different surfaces of the teeth?
A
- Lingual – inner surface of lower arcade of teeth
- Palatal – inner surface of the upper arcade
- Labial – outer surface of the upper arcade at the front of the mouth
- Buccal – outer surface of the teeth more caudal in the mouth.
14
Q
What part of the tooth houses the blood and nerve supply?
A
The pulp
15
Q
What are deciduous teeth also referred to as?
A
Baby teeth
16
Q
Do ruminants have upper incisors or upper canine teeth?
A
No
They have a dental pad.
17
Q
What are the phases of swallowing and are they voluntary or involuntary?
A
- Voluntary – tongue pushes food towards pharynx
- Involuntary – Epiglottis covers trachea, breathing temporarily stops, a wave of muscle contractions move across pharynx, pushing food into esophagus
- Involuntary – presence of food in esophagus stimulates the swallowing center to initiate peristalsis of the esophagus.
18
Q
A
19
Q
What are 3 other names for the digestive system?
A
GI Tract, Alimentary Canal, Gut
20
Q
What kind of eaters are pigs?
A
Omnivore
21
Q
What kind of eaters are goats?
A
Herbivore
22
Q
What kind of eaters are sheep?
A
Herbivore
23
Q
What kind of eaters are dogs?
A
Omnivore
24
Q
What kind of eaters are cattle?
A
Herbivore
25
What kind of eaters are cats?
Carnivore
26
What is an example of a monogastric animal?
N/A
27
Name 5 digestive tract functions.
Prehension, Mastication, Chemical digestion, Absorption of nutrients, Elimination of waste
28
What structure suspends the digestive tube in the abdomen?
Mesentery
29
Where would we find stratified squamous epithelium?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus
30
What type of epithelium runs from where the esophagus and stomach meet, to where the rectum and anus meet?
Simple columnar
31
What are 2 types of muscle in the GI tract?
Smooth muscle, Skeletal muscle
32
What is the wavelike movement that propels food through the GI tract?
Peristalsis
33
What is another name for the mouth?
Buccal Cavity
34
How do carnivores' teeth differ from herbivores' teeth?
Carnivore – Pointed on occlusal surface, Herbivore – Flat occlusal surface
35
What are hypsodont teeth?
Teeth that continue to grow
36
What are 4 types of heterodont teeth in dogs and cats?
Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars
37
Where is the buccal surface in the mouth?
Outer surface of the teeth in the caudal part of the mouth
38
Where is the palatal surface in the mouth?
Inner surface of the upper arcade of teeth
39
What is the center of a tooth called?
Pulp
40
What part of a tooth is the hardest and toughest tissue in the body?
Enamel
41
What is another name for deciduous teeth?
Baby teeth, milk teeth
42
What are the 3 phases of swallowing?
1st – Voluntary Swallow Phase, 2nd – Pharyngeal Phase, 3rd – Esophageal Phase
43
44
What are the stomach's 4 functions?
Food Storage, Mechanical Breakdown, Chemical Breakdown, Production of Intrinsic Factor
45
Why is the production of Intrinsic Factor important?
Required to absorb B12 in the small intestine
46
What is food that is in a semiliquid state that leaves the stomach into the small intestine called?
Chyme
47
True or False: The parasympathetic nervous system stimulates an increase in salivation?
True
48
What nervous system stimulates the decrease in salivation?
Sympathetic Nervous system
49
Name the five areas of the stomach.
Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pyloric antrum, Pylorus
50
What is the opening into the stomach that the esophagus enters called?
Cardia
51
What is the distendable blind pouch of the stomach called?
Fundus
52
What is the distendable middle section of the stomach called?
Body
53
What part of the stomach grinds up swallowed food and regulates hydrochloric acid?
Pyloric antrum
54
What part of the stomach is a muscular sphincter and regulates the movement of chyme into the small intestine?
Pylorus
55
What is the omentum?
Mesentery of the stomach
56
What important role does mucus play in the stomach?
Provides a protective coating for the stomach against the acidic environment
57
What does the combination of hydrogen (H+) and chloride (Cl-) produce?
Hydrochloric Acid
58
How many chambers does a ruminant stomach have?
4
59
What are the first 3 chambers of a ruminant stomach known as?
Forestomaches
60
Name the 3 forestomaches of a ruminant.
Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum
61
What is the name for when food is regurgitated to be chewed some more before being reswallowed?
Rumination
62
What is the smallest, most cranial of the forestomach chambers?
Reticulum
63
What does the inside lining of the reticulum look like?
Honeycomb
64
Which is the largest chamber of the forestomaches?
Rumen
65
What is the Rumen for?
Fermentation
66
What is the rumen motility controlled by?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
67
What is another name for burping?
Eructation
68
Microbes convert glucose and other carbs to what?
Volatile fatty acids
69
Once the VFA’s are in the ruminant's bloodstream, they are converted to what?
Glucose, adipose tissue, milk fats
70
Which forestomach is also called the 'book stomach'?
Omasum
71
What is the Omasum responsible for?
Absorption of H2O and salt
72
An example of a ruminant without an Omasum is?
Camel, Llama
73
Which compartment is known as the 'true stomach'?
Abomasum
74
What does a newborn ruminant's GI tract primarily function as?
Monogastric GI tract
75
Which chamber in a newborn ruminant is the largest?
Abomasum
76
What is the function of the small intestine?
Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream
77
What are the sections of the small intestine in order?
1st Duodenum, 2nd Jejunum, 3rd Ileum
78
Each villi in the small intestine contains thousands of?
Microvilli
79
What do Goblet cells produce?
Mucous
80
True or False: Peristalsis is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system?
False
81
What do segmental contractions do for the intestinal contents?
Mixes intestinal contents, Slows movement of contents
82
What is Ileus?
A condition caused by the decrease or lack of peristalsis
83
What can cause Ileus?
Disease, Stress, Strong antiparasympathetic drugs
84
85
What are the 3 components of the large intestine?
Cecum, Colon, Rectum
86
What are the primary functions of the large intestine?
Recover fluids and electrolytes, Store feces until elimination
87
What class of animals has a well developed cecum?
Non Ruminant Herbivores
88
What is the cecum for?
Fermentation
89
What is an example of a non ruminant herbivore?
Horse, Rabbit, Guinea pig
90
What is produced by microbes in the cecum that can be absorbed for energy?
VFA’s (Volatile fatty acids)
91
What is known as the terminal portion of the large intestine?
Rectum
92
What is mucus primarily used for in the rectum?
Lubrication, Aid the passage of contents
93
Where is the internal and external sphincter located?
Anus
94
The internal sphincter is under what kind of control?
Autonomic
95
The external sphincter is under what kind of control?
Voluntary
96
What organ is the largest gland in the body?
Liver
97
What is the liver's job?
Filter all nutrients that have been absorbed by the GI tract before it enters the blood stream
98
Where does the secreted bile go to be stored until use?
Gallbladder
99
What animal does not have a gallbladder?
Horse
100
The pancreas is what kind of gland?
Exocrine and Endocrine
101
What does the pancreas secrete into the small intestine?
Bicarbonate
102
What does bicarbonate do in the small intestine?
Neutralize the acidity, Maintain proper pH
103
The pancreas also produces insulin and glucagon which help with?
Regulating blood glucose levels
