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Intro to Anatomy > Endocrine System — Major Glands + their Hormones > Flashcards

Endocrine System — Major Glands + their Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Pituitary Gland

  • aka
  • what is it
  • impact on other which glands
  • location
  • division
A
  • hypophysis
  • small gland that is part of diancephalon
  • gonads, adrenal gland, thyroid gland
  • depression of sphenoid bone. below hypothalamus
  • anterior pituitary vs. posterior pituitary
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2
Q

releasing hormone

  • what is it
  • function
A

hormone produced by hypothalamus that STIMULATES the release of a particular hormone from pituitary gland

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3
Q

releasing inhibitory hormone

  • what is it
  • function
A

hormone produced by hypothalamus that INHIBITS the release of a particular hormone from pituitary gland

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4
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

  • aka
  • mnemonic?
  • size
  • composition
  • hormone release process
    • diff signals names?
A
  • Adenohypophysis
  • FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone
  • LH: Lutenizing hormone
  • ACTH: Adenocorticotropic hormone
  • TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • MSH: Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
  • LTH: Prolactin OR Lactogenic hormone
  • larger region of pituitary gland
  • mostly glandular epithelium
  • nerve signal received from hypothalamus
    • releasing hormone vs releasing inhibitory H
  • travels to 1st capillary bed
  • passes through infundibulum in portal system/vein
  • arrives at 2nd capillary bed
    • hormones swap! Hypothalamus hormone signal pituitary to release ITS hormones into bloodstream/vessel
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5
Q

FSH

  • acronym meaning
  • function (f vs. m)
A
  • follicule stimulating hormone
  • stimulates development of ovum and sperm cells
    &raquo_space; females: stimulates follicules in ovaries (where immature ova located)
    &raquo_space; males: stimulates production of sperm cells in SEMINIFEROUS tubules
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6
Q

LH

  • acronym meaning
  • function (f vs. m)
A
  • Lutenizing hormone
  • FEMALE: stimulates ovulation. stimulates production of progesterone. helps maintaing pregnancy
  • MALE: maintains production of sperm cells. stimulates synthesis of testosterone
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7
Q

ACTH

  • acronym meaning
  • function
  • secretion regulation
    • how + location
A
  • AdenoCORTICOtropic hormone
  • stimulates adrenal CORTEX to secrete CORISOL. involved in glucose-sparing effect. reduces inflammation.
  • controlled by corticotropin RELEASING hormone —> produced in hypothalamus
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8
Q

GH

  • acronym meaning
  • function
    • where
    • how (3)
    • effect
  • regulation complications
A
  • Growth hormone
  • stimulates cell metabolism
    • mostly all tissues
    • mitosis babe + protein synthesis + breakdown fats/carbs
    • bones + muscles grow
  • too little GH? dwarfism
  • too much GH? gigantism
  • too little GH After after childhood? acromegaly

dwarfism — proportions normal. size not.
gigantism — very tall
acromegaly — condition in which bones widen in face/hands/feet

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9
Q

TSH

  • acronym meaning
  • function
  • secretion regulation
    • location + how
A
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
  • stimulates thyroid gland to produce its hormone
  • hypothalamus produces thyrotropin-releasing hormone
    • which stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete TSH
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10
Q

MSH

  • acronym meaning
  • function + effect
A
  • melanocyte-stimulating hormone
  • ## increases productino of melanin in melanocytes of skin —> causes deeper pigmentation of skin
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11
Q

Prolactin

  • acronym + meaning
  • function (m vs f)
A
  • LTH — lactogenic hormone
  • Pregnancy: stimulates milk production. maintains progesterone levels during it. after ovulation too.
  • Males: increases sensitivity to LH. causes decrease in testosterone + male sex hormones.
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12
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

  • aka
  • production of which hormones? (3)
  • size
  • composition
  • hormone release process
A
  • Neurohypophysis
  • OV.A: oxytocin/vasopressin/antidiuretic
  • Pétit posterior pituitary. PPP
    • bit smaller than adenohypophysis — anterior ;)
  • nerve fibers + their neuroglia
    • remember, close to spinal cord.
  • hypothalamus sends its hormones to pituitary through nerve fibers
  • hormones travels through portal vein system and infundibilum
  • hormone arrives at SOLE capillary bed.
  • remains there. stored in granules near ends of axons of hypothalamus nerve fibers.
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13
Q

ADH

  • what is it
  • acronym meaning
  • aka + etymology
  • function
  • what happens if too much ADH/too little
  • regulation
A
  • hormone that tells kidneys to absorb water so that it is not excreted as pee
  • Antidiuretic hormone ( anti pee)
  • vasopressin:
    • pressing = constriction
    • vaso = vessel
  • maintain’s body’s water balance
  • too much ADH? constriction of blood vessels
  • too little ADH? excessive pee. condition known as diabetes insipidus.
  • hypothalamus regulates it through osmoreceptors
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14
Q

osmoreceptors

  • what are they
  • what does it do
  • regulated by
A
  • receptors in body
  • detects changes in osmotic pressure of fluids
    • tells body whether it should release Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) or not.
  • hypothalamus
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15
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

  • what is it
  • effect
  • treatment
A
  • condition that causes people to produce 20-30 L of pee daily.
  • possibly severely dehydrated
    • b/c water not taken up by body
  • they lose essential electrolytes
    • causes abnormal nerve/cardiac muscle functions
  • ADH injections or ADH nasal spray
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16
Q

Dehydration

  • cause
  • effect
A
  • caused by lack of sufficient water intake
  • increases blood solute concentrations —
    • osmoreceptors signal posterior pituitary lobe to release ADH =
    • kidneys preserve water
17
Q

Hyperhydration

  • cause
  • effect
A
  • drinking too much water
  • blood is diluted
    • ADH secretion is inhibited
    • lodmeus excrete more dilute urine (or pee with more water in it)
    • with the hopes that concentration of solutes WILL BE STABILIZED
18
Q

Diuretic vs Antidiuretic

  • pee color
  • kidney action
A
  • diuretic makes you pee MORE dilute water (urine less yellow)
  • therefore, your kidneys are told to take up LESS water
  • antidiuretic makes you pee LESS water (urine more yellow)
  • therefore your kidneys are told to take up MORE water
19
Q

Thyroid Gland

  • structure
  • location
  • characteristics
  • hormones types
    • secretions controlled by
    • secretions controlled through
A
  • two lobes connected by smaller band called isthmus
  • made up of spherical cells called follicles
  • follicles made up of simple cuboidal epithelium
  • situated on right + left of trachea
  • located right below cartilage of larynx
  • highly vascularized (receives tons of blood)
  • large gland
  • covered by connective tissue capsule
  • secreted by follicles:
    • T4: tetra - iodo - thyro - nine (4 iron molecules)
    • T3: tri - iodo - thyro - nine (3 iron molecules)
  • secreted by extrafollicular cells:
    • Calcitonin
  • controlled by Thyroid Stimulating Hormone from hypothalamus
  • negative feedback loops
    • leads to daily fluctuations of hormones IN BLOOD within narrow range
20
Q

T4/T3

  • secreted by?
  • function
  • importance
  • too much?
  • too little?
A
  • follicles
  • regulate metabolism of carbohydrates. fats. proteins
    • how fast carbs/fats become into energy
    • how fast protein synthesis happens
  • necessary for normal growth and development.
  • important for nervous system maturation
  • hyperthyroidism — graves’ disease
  • hypothyroidism — cretinism
21
Q

graves’ disease

A
  • a type of hyperthyroidism
  • consists of overproduction of thyroid hormone
  • causes goiter and bulging of eyeballs (exopathalmia)
22
Q

hypothyroidism on young children

  • name
  • effects
A
  • cretinism
  • makes them mentally retarded
  • small stature
23
Q

hypothyroidism on adults

  • effect
A
  • sluggishness
  • lower rate metabolism.
  • tiredness.
  • myxedema: accumulation fluid in subcutaneous tissues
24
Q

calcitonin

  • secreted by?
  • function
    • how?
  • importance
  • too much?
  • too little?
A
  • extrafollicular cells
  • lower Ca+ and PO4- ion concentration in blood
  • inhibits the release of calcium and phosphate ions from BONES
  • telling kidneys to absorb already present calcium and phosphate ions from BLOOD. then to excrete them
25
Q

Parathyroid Gland

  • what are they
  • structure
    • definition
    • proximity?
  • location
  • hormone
A
  • four tiny glands located in the POSTERIOR REGION of thyroid gland
    • behind but on the thyroid gland
  • made up of chief cells/oxyphill cells
    • secreting cells that are tightly packed
    • close to capillaries
  • two per thyroid gland lobe
  • PTH
26
Q

PTH

  • acronym
  • aka
  • function
    • how?
  • too much?
  • too few?
A
  • parathyroid hormone
  • parathormone
  • controls calcium levels in BLOOD
    • want less calcium? inhibits activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts to break down bone — these ions are thus released to BLOOD
    • want more calcium? causes kidneys to absorb calcium from blood. stimulates cells in intestine to absorb calcium from food
27
Q

Calcium Absorption

  • increased when?
  • dependent on?
  • where?
  • controlled by?
A
  • is increased when Vitamin D is present in intestines.
  • synthesis depends on UV light
  • occurs in kidneys
  • controlled by parathyroid hormone
28
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

  • what is it
  • caused by?
  • effect
A
  • excess level of PTH secretion
  • tumor
  • breakdown of bone matrix = bone become soft/deformed/easily fractured
  • less excitable nerves/muscles = muscle weakness/fatigue
  • kidney stones
29
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

  • what is it
  • caused by?
  • effect
A
  • deficient level of PTH in body
  • removal of thyroid/parathyroid glands
  • reduced osteoclast activity
  • reduced rate of bone matrix resorption
  • reduced vitamin D formation
  • bones remain strong but blood calcium level decreases
  • nerves/muscles become randomly excited
    • may lead to muscle cramps tetanic contractions. if resp. muscles affected = death

Intro to Anatomy (4 decks)

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