ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (LEC) Flashcards
1
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A
2
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The fluid component of the lymphatic system.
A
Lymph
3
Q
The vessels that transport lymph.
A
Lymphatic vessels
4
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The structures and organs containing lymphatic tissue.
A
Lymphatic organs
5
Q
The three primary functions of the lymphatic system.
A
Maintenance of fluid balance, Transport dietary lipids, Carries out immune responses
6
Q
The smallest lymphatic vessels that absorb excess interstitial fluid.
A
Lymphatic capillaries
7
Q
The larger lymphatic vessels that drain lymph from capillaries.
A
Lymphatic trunks
8
Q
The final drainage pathways for lymph into the bloodstream.
A
Lymphatic ducts
9
Q
The two primary lymphatic organs where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent.
A
Bone marrow and Thymus
10
Q
The lymphatic organs where most immune responses occur.
A
Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, Lymphatic nodules
11
Q
The clear, yellow fluid that forms when fluid seeps from blood vessels into tissues.
A
Lymph
12
Q
The primary organ where immunocompetent B cells and pre-T cells are produced.
A
Red bone marrow
13
Q
The primary site where pre-T cells mature into immunocompetent T cells.
A
Thymus
14
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The bilobed organ located in the mediastinum that plays a role in T-cell maturation.
A
Thymus
15
Q
The two main regions of each thymic lobe.
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Outer cortex and Central medulla
16
Q
The cells in the thymus cortex that provide structural support for T cells.
A
Epithelial cells
17
Q
The cells that assist the maturation of T cells in the thymus.
A
Dendritic cells
18
Q
The cells that clear out debris of dead and dying T cells in the thymus.
A
Macrophages
19
Q
The structure in the thymus medulla that contains aged and degenerated cells.
A
Hassall’s corpuscles
20
Q
The process that occurs in the bone marrow to produce lymphocytes.
A
Hematopoiesis
21
Q
The term for immature T cells before they migrate to the thymus.
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Thymocytes
22
Q
The structure referred to as the “filter of the lymph”.
A
Lymph nodes
23
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The capsule extensions that divide a lymph node into compartments.
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Trabeculae
24
Q
The two main regions of a lymph node’s parenchyma.
A
Superficial cortex and Deep medulla
25
The inner cortex of a lymph node that consists mainly of T cells and dendritic cells.
Paracortex
26
The cell type found in the medulla of lymph nodes responsible for antibody production.
Plasma cells
27
The pathway through which lymph flows in a lymph node.
Afferent vessels → Subcapsular sinus → Trabecular sinus → Medullary sinus → Efferent vessels
28
The largest lymphatic organ in the body.
Spleen
29
The region of the spleen where B cells and T cells carry out immune functions.
White pulp
30
The region of the spleen that contains blood-filled venous sinuses and macrophages.
Red pulp
31
The three main functions of the red pulp in the spleen.
Removal of defective blood cells, Storage of platelets, Blood cell production during fetal life
32
The lymphoid structures that are not surrounded by a capsule.
Lymphatic nodules
33
The three types of tonsils.
Pharyngeal tonsil, Palatine tonsils, Lingual tonsils
34
The clusters of lymphatic tissue in the small intestine.
Peyer’s patches
35
The two main types of immunity.
Innate (nonspecific) immunity, Adaptive (specific) immunity
36
The first line of defense in innate immunity.
Physical and chemical barriers (skin, mucous membranes, sebum, gastric juices, tears, saliva)
37
The cells responsible for phagocytosis in innate immunity.
Neutrophils and Macrophages
38
The inflammatory response is characterized by these five signs.
Redness, Swelling, Heat, Pain, Loss of function
39
The major type of white blood cell responsible for adaptive immunity.
Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)
40
The immune cells that secrete antibodies.
Plasma cells (B cells)
41
The two types of adaptive immunity.
Cell-mediated immunity and Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity
42
The primary function of cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells).
Destroy virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and foreign tissue transplants
43
The type of T cell that helps activate B cells and other immune cells.
Helper T cells (CD4+ T cells)
44
The immune response type that uses antibodies to neutralize extracellular microbes.
Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity
45
The five classes of immunoglobulins (antibodies).
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
46
The antibody that crosses the placenta to provide passive immunity to newborns.
IgG
47
The antibody involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
IgE
48
The immune system disorder where the body attacks its own tissues.
Autoimmune disease
49
The four types of hypersensitivity reactions.
Type I (Anaphylactic), Type II (Cytotoxic), Type III (Immune-complex), Type IV (Cell-mediated)
50
The condition where the immune system overreacts to harmless substances.
Hypersensitivity (Allergy)
51
Three primary functions of the lymphatic system
- Maintenance of fluid balance
- Transport of dietary lipids
- Carries out immune responses
52
Components of the lymphatic system
- Lymph
- Lymphatic vessels
- Lymphatic organs (primary and secondary)
53
Primary lymphatic organs
- Red bone marrow
- Thymus
54
Secondary lymphatic organs
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Tonsils
- Lymphatic nodules
55
Pathway of lymph flow
- Afferent lymphatic vessel
- Subcapsular sinus
- Trabecular sinus
- Medullary sinus
- Efferent lymphatic vessel
56
Three functions of the spleen’s red pulp
- Removal of defective blood cells
- Storage of platelets
- Blood cell production during fetal life
57
Five types of white blood cells
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
58
Two types of adaptive immunity
- Cell-mediated immunity
- Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity
59
Five cardinal signs of inflammation
- Redness (rubor)
- Swelling (tumor)
- Heat (calor)
- Pain (dolor)
- Loss of function (functio laesa)
60
The fluid similar to plasma but lacks large plasma proteins.
Lymph
61
The structure responsible for draining lymph from a specific body region.
Lymphatic trunk
62
The largest lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from most of the body into the bloodstream.
Thoracic duct
63
The lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body.
Right lymphatic duct
64
The lymphatic structure that collects lymph from the lower body before it enters the thoracic duct.
Cisterna chyli
65
The capillaries that absorb dietary lipids in the small intestine.
Lacteals
66
The milky white fluid absorbed by lacteals due to its lipid content.
Chyle
67
The specialized lymphatic structures in the intestinal mucosa that provide immune defense.
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
68
The immune system cells that engulf and digest pathogens.
Phagocytes
69
The cells that kill virus-infected and tumor cells without prior exposure.
Natural killer (NK) cells
70
The chemical signals that attract white blood cells to sites of infection.
Chemokines
71
The hormone secreted by the thymus that stimulates T cell development.
Thymosin
72
The enzymatic protein in tears, saliva, and mucus that destroys bacteria.
Lysozyme
73
The substances released by mast cells and basophils during allergic reactions.
Histamine and heparin
74
The protein molecules that mark cells as "self" or "non-self" to the immune system.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins
75
The immune system component responsible for remembering past infections.
Memory cells
76
The immune response that results from vaccination.
Artificially acquired active immunity
77
The immune response that results from antibodies passing from mother to child.
Naturally acquired passive immunity
78
The two primary types of T cells in adaptive immunity.
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+), Helper T cells (CD4+)
79
The three phases of the immune response.
Recognition, Activation, Attack
80
The five stages of phagocytosis.
Chemotaxis, Adherence, Ingestion, Digestion, Killing
81
The process by which the body eliminates self-reactive T cells during development.
Negative selection
82
The molecule secreted by virus-infected cells to protect neighboring cells.
Interferons
83
The process where antibodies coat a pathogen to enhance phagocytosis.
Opsonization
84
The cascade of proteins that enhances the immune response by promoting cell lysis.
Complement system
85
The type of immune response where immune cells attack transplanted organs.
Graft rejection
86
The disease that results from a deficiency in helper T cells due to a viral infection.
HIV/AIDS
87
The lymphatic organs where immune responses are carried out.
Secondary lymphatic organs (Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, Lymphatic nodules)
88
The primary lymphatic organ where B cells and pre-T cells originate.
Bone marrow
89
The lymphatic organ located in the mediastinum that is essential for T-cell maturation.
Thymus
90
The two major regions of the thymus lobules.
Outer cortex and Inner medulla
91
The cells in the thymus cortex that provide structural support and help in T cell maturation.
Epithelial cells
92
The cells in the thymus that assist T cell differentiation by presenting antigens.
Dendritic cells
93
The large phagocytic cells in the thymus that clear out dead and nonfunctional T cells.
Macrophages
94
The part of the thymus medulla that contains clusters of degenerating epithelial cells.
Hassall’s corpuscles
95
The immune cells that produce antibodies to fight infections.
Plasma cells
96
The structure that acts as a biological filter for lymph, trapping pathogens and foreign particles.
Lymph node
97
The extension of the lymph node’s capsule that divides the node into compartments.
Trabeculae
98
The outer portion of the lymph node that contains densely packed lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells.
Cortex
99
The inner portion of the lymph node containing macrophages, plasma cells, and B cells.
Medulla
100
The pathway that lymph follows through a lymph node.
Afferent vessels → Subcapsular sinus → Trabecular sinus → Medullary sinus → Efferent vessels
101
The largest lymphatic organ in the body that filters blood and removes old red blood cells.
Spleen
102
The two main regions of the spleen based on function.
White pulp and Red pulp
103
The region of the spleen responsible for immune responses, consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages.
White pulp
104
The region of the spleen responsible for red blood cell breakdown, platelet storage, and hematopoiesis during fetal development.
Red pulp
105
The lymphatic nodules that form a protective ring at the entrance of the pharynx.
Tonsils
106
The tonsil located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx.
Pharyngeal tonsil (Adenoid)
107
The paired tonsils located on either side of the oropharynx.
Palatine tonsils
108
The tonsils located at the base of the tongue.
Lingual tonsils
109
The type of immunity that is present at birth and provides nonspecific protection against pathogens.
Innate (nonspecific) immunity
110
The type of immunity that develops after exposure to antigens and provides long-term protection.
Adaptive (specific) immunity
111
The two types of adaptive immunity based on the immune response mechanism.
Cell-mediated immunity and Antibody-mediated immunity
112
The immune response that involves T cells directly attacking infected or abnormal cells.
Cell-mediated immunity
113
The immune response that involves B cells producing antibodies to neutralize extracellular pathogens.
Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity
114
The process by which the immune system recognizes and eliminates self-reactive lymphocytes.
Self-tolerance
115
The primary immune cells that coordinate immune responses and activate other immune cells.
Helper T cells (CD4+ T cells)
116
The immune cells responsible for destroying virus-infected and cancerous cells.
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells)
117
The T cells that suppress immune responses to prevent excessive activation and autoimmunity.
Regulatory T cells
118
The B cells that remain in the body after infection and provide long-term immunity.
Memory B cells
119
The antibody that is the most abundant in the blood and provides long-term immunity.
IgG
120
The antibody found in bodily secretions such as saliva, tears, and breast milk.
IgA
121
The antibody that is the first to be produced in response to an infection.
IgM
122
The antibody involved in allergic reactions and responses to parasitic infections.
IgE
123
The antibody that plays a role in B cell activation.
IgD
124
The type of immunity acquired through vaccination.
Artificially acquired active immunity
125
The type of immunity acquired when antibodies are passed from mother to child through breast milk or the placenta.
Naturally acquired passive immunity
126
The process where antibodies coat a pathogen to enhance phagocytosis.
Opsonization
127
The series of plasma proteins that enhance the immune response by promoting inflammation and pathogen destruction.
Complement system
128
The substance secreted by virus-infected cells to warn neighboring cells and inhibit viral replication.
Interferons
129
The hypersensitivity reaction that occurs rapidly upon exposure to an allergen.
Type I hypersensitivity (Anaphylaxis)
130
The immune disorder where the body attacks its own tissues.
Autoimmune disease
131
The condition that results from a deficiency of the immune system, making individuals susceptible to infections.
Immunodeficiency disease
132
The specific lymphatic structures located in the small intestine that help monitor intestinal bacteria and prevent infection.
Peyer’s patches
133
The lymphoid organs where lymphocytes are produced and become immunocompetent.
Primary lymphatic organs (Bone marrow and Thymus)
134
The lymphatic organs where immune responses are carried out.
Secondary lymphatic organs (Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, Lymphatic nodules)
135
The primary lymphatic organ where B cells and pre-T cells originate.
Bone marrow
136
The largest lymphatic organ in the body that filters blood and removes old red blood cells.
Spleen
137
The two main regions of the spleen based on function.
White pulp and Red pulp
138
The region of the spleen responsible for immune responses, consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages.
White pulp
139
The region of the spleen responsible for red blood cell breakdown, platelet storage, and hematopoiesis during fetal development.
Red pulp
140
The lymphatic nodules that form a protective ring at the entrance of the pharynx.
Tonsils
141
The three locations where lymphoid nodules (MALT) are commonly found.
Respiratory tract, Digestive tract, Urogenital tract
142
The tonsil that is also referred to as the adenoid when enlarged.
Pharyngeal tonsil
143
The tonsils that are most commonly infected and removed in a tonsillectomy.
Palatine tonsils
144
The tonsils located on the posterior surface of the tongue.
Lingual tonsils
145
The term for immunity present at birth that provides immediate defense against pathogens.
Innate immunity
146
The two main lines of defense in innate immunity.
First line (Physical and chemical barriers) and Second line (Internal defenses)
147
The molecules released by virus-infected cells to warn and protect nearby uninfected cells.
Interferons
148
The plasma proteins that enhance the immune response by opsonizing pathogens, promoting inflammation, and forming a membrane attack complex (MAC).
Complement proteins
149
The substances released by mast cells to increase blood vessel permeability during inflammation.
Histamine and prostaglandins
150
The process by which phagocytes leave the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection.
Diapedesis (Emigration)
151
The leukocytes that are the first responders to infections and perform phagocytosis.
Neutrophils
152
The large phagocytic cells derived from monocytes that engulf pathogens and dead cells.
Macrophages
153
The two main branches of adaptive immunity.
Cell-mediated immunity and Humoral immunity
154
The molecules on the surface of cells that help distinguish self from non-self.
MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) proteins
155
The MHC proteins found on all nucleated cells that present endogenous antigens.
MHC Class I
156
The MHC proteins found only on antigen-presenting cells that present exogenous antigens.
MHC Class II
157
The immune cells that directly attack infected cells and cancer cells.
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells)
158
The immune cells that help activate B cells, macrophages, and other immune cells.
Helper T cells (CD4+ T cells)
159
The cells that provide long-term immunity by remembering past infections.
Memory B cells and Memory T cells
160
The type of immunity acquired through exposure to a pathogen or vaccination.
Active immunity
161
The type of immunity acquired by receiving antibodies from another person.
Passive immunity
162
The specific type of immunity that results from vaccination.
Artificially acquired active immunity
163
The specific type of immunity acquired through the transfer of antibodies from mother to baby via breast milk or placenta.
Naturally acquired passive immunity
164
The type of hypersensitivity reaction that occurs immediately and involves IgE antibodies.
Type I hypersensitivity (Anaphylactic reaction)
165
The type of hypersensitivity reaction where antibodies attack self-cells, as seen in hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Type II hypersensitivity (Cytotoxic reaction)
166
The type of hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complex deposits, leading to inflammation, as seen in lupus.
Type III hypersensitivity (Immune complex reaction)
167
The type of hypersensitivity reaction that takes 24-48 hours to develop and is mediated by T cells, such as contact dermatitis.
Type IV hypersensitivity (Delayed-type reaction)
168
The molecules found on the surface of all nucleated cells that help the immune system distinguish self from non-self.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins
169
The group of genes that encode MHC proteins and play a role in immune recognition.
Histocompatibility genes
170
The class of MHC molecules found on all nucleated cells that present endogenous antigens.
MHC Class I
171
The class of MHC molecules found only on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that present exogenous antigens.
MHC Class II
172
The cells that display MHC Class II molecules to help activate T cells.
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
173
The type of immune cell that recognizes MHC Class I molecules and directly destroys infected or abnormal cells.
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells)
174
The type of immune cell that recognizes MHC Class II molecules and helps activate other immune cells.
Helper T cells (CD4+ T cells)
175
The process where immune cells scan MHC molecules to detect infected or abnormal cells.
Immune surveillance
176
The immune response triggered when the body recognizes transplanted tissue as foreign due to mismatched MHC molecules.
Graft rejection
177
The test performed before organ transplantation to assess MHC compatibility between donor and recipient.
Tissue typing (Histocompatibility testing)
178
The condition where transplanted immune cells attack the recipient’s tissues due to MHC mismatch.
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
179
The immune disorder where the body mistakenly attacks its own MHC molecules, leading to tissue damage.
Autoimmune disease
