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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II > DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking in food through the mouth.

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2
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

Physically breaking down food (chewing, stomach churning).

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3
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

Breaking down food with enzymes and acids.

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4
Q

Absorption

A

Nutrients passing into the bloodstream.

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5
Q

Assimilation

A

Cells using absorbed nutrients for energy and growth.

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6
Q

Defecation

A

Removing solid waste from the body.

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7
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wave-like muscle movements pushing food through the digestive tract.

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8
Q

Mouth

A

Starts digestion by chewing and mixing food with saliva.

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9
Q

Teeth

A

Help break down food into smaller pieces.

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10
Q

Saliva

A

Liquid that helps moisten food and contains enzymes to start digestion.

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11
Q

Pharynx

A

Passageway connecting the mouth to the esophagus.

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12
Q

Esophagus

A

Tube that carries food to the stomach using peristalsis.

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13
Q

Esophageal Hiatus

A

Opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes through.

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14
Q

Stomach

A

Holds and digests food using acid and enzymes.

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15
Q

Gastric Juices

A

Fluids in the stomach that help break down food.

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16
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Inactive enzyme that turns into pepsin to digest proteins.

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17
Q

Pepsin

A

Enzyme that breaks proteins into smaller parts.

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18
Q

HCl (Hydrochloric Acid)

A

Stomach acid that helps digestion and kills bacteria.

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19
Q

Chyme

A

Partially digested food in the stomach.

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20
Q

Small Intestine

A

Main site for digestion and nutrient absorption.

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21
Q

Duodenum

A

First part of the small intestine where most digestion happens.

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22
Q

Jejunum

A

Middle part of the small intestine, absorbs nutrients.

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23
Q

Ileum

A

Last part of the small intestine, absorbs remaining nutrients.

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24
Q

Large Intestine

A

Absorbs water and forms solid waste (feces).

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25
Cecum
First part of the large intestine, connects to the ileum.
26
Appendix
Small organ attached to the cecum, has immune function.
27
Rectum
Stores waste before it leaves the body.
28
Anus
Opening where waste exits, controlled by muscles.
29
Salivary Glands
Produce saliva to start digestion.
30
Parotid Gland
Largest salivary gland, near the ears.
31
Submandibular Gland
Salivary gland under the jaw.
32
Sublingual Gland
Smallest salivary gland, under the tongue.
33
Liver
Makes bile to help digest fats.
34
Bile
Substance from the liver that helps break down fats.
35
Gallbladder
Stores bile and releases it into the small intestine.
36
Bile Duct
Tube that moves bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine.
37
Pancreas
Produces enzymes to help digest food and controls blood sugar.
38
Pancreatic Juice
Liquid with enzymes and bicarbonate to aid digestion.
39
Pancreatic Amylase
Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates.
40
Pancreatic Lipase
Enzyme that breaks down fats.
41
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase
Enzymes that digest proteins.
42
Sodium Bicarbonate
Neutralizes stomach acid in the small intestine.
43
Mucosa
Inner layer of the digestive tract that absorbs nutrients.
44
Submucosa
Connective tissue layer with blood vessels and nerves.
45
Muscularis
Muscle layer that moves food through the digestive tract.
46
Serosa
Outer protective layer of the digestive organs.
47
Pylorus
Lower part of the stomach leading to the small intestine.
48
Pyloric Sphincter
Controls food movement from the stomach to the small intestine.
49
Fundus
Upper part of the stomach that stores food and gas.
50
Body (Stomach)
Main section of the stomach.
51
Gastrin
Hormone that signals the stomach to produce digestive juices.
52
Lingual Frenulum
Tissue that connects the tongue to the bottom of the mouth.
53
Uvula
Prevents food from entering the nose during swallowing.
54
Serous Fluid
Watery fluid that reduces friction between organs.
55
Peritoneum
Membrane that covers and supports digestive organs.
56
Villi
Finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption.
57
Microvilli
Tiny hair-like structures on villi that help absorb nutrients.
58
Lacteals
Lymphatic vessels in the small intestine that absorb fats.
59
Haustra
Pouches in the large intestine that help with slow movement of waste.
60
Epiglottis
Flap that covers the windpipe during swallowing.
61
Bolus
Chewed food mixed with saliva before swallowing.
62
Enteroendocrine Cells
Cells in the digestive tract that release hormones to regulate digestion.
63
Intrinsic Factor
A substance made in the stomach needed for vitamin B12 absorption.
64
Ileocecal Valve
Sphincter that controls flow from the small intestine to the large intestine.
65
Mesentery
Tissue that holds the intestines in place and contains blood vessels.
66
Segmentation
Process in the small intestine that mixes food by moving it back and forth.
67
Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
Tube from mouth to anus for digestion.
68
Oral Cavity
The mouth; where digestion starts.
69
Hard Palate
Bony front roof of the mouth.
70
Soft Palate
Soft back roof of the mouth.
71
Lingual Tonsils
Immune tissue at the tongue base.
72
Cardiac Sphincter
Muscle preventing acid reflux.
73
Rugae
Stomach folds for expansion.
74
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Hormone that releases bile and enzymes.
75
Secretin
Hormone that neutralizes stomach acid.
76
Enterokinase
Activates enzymes for digestion.
77
Goblet Cells
Produce mucus for protection.
78
Brunner’s Glands
Secrete mucus in the duodenum.
79
Peyer’s Patches
Immune defense in intestines.
80
Gastrocolic Reflex
Urge to poop after eating.
81
Defecation Reflex
Signals the body to poop.
82
Taenia Coli
Muscle bands in the colon.
83
Internal Anal Sphincter
Involuntary muscle for pooping.
84
External Anal Sphincter
Voluntary muscle for pooping.
85
Kupffer Cells
Liver cells that remove toxins.
86
Hepatic Portal Vein
Moves nutrients to the liver.
87
Hepatocytes
Liver cells that process nutrients.
88
Cystic Duct
Connects gallbladder to bile ducts.
89
Common Hepatic Duct
Moves bile from the liver.
90
Major Duodenal Papilla
Bile and enzymes enter here.
91
Zymogens
Inactive digestive enzymes.
92
Enteric Nervous System
Gut’s independent nervous system.
93
Myenteric Plexus
Controls digestive muscle movements.
94
Submucosal Plexus
Regulates digestion and blood flow.
95
Borborygmi
Stomach growling.
96
Steatorrhea
Fatty stool from poor digestion.
97
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing.
98
Gastroparesis
Slow stomach emptying.
99
Peptic Ulcer
Stomach lining sore.
100
IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome)
Causes cramps and bowel changes.
101
Diverticulosis
Pouches in the intestine.
102
Cholelithiasis
Gallstones.
103
Jaundice
Yellow skin from liver issues.
104
Cirrhosis
Liver scarring and failure.
105
Hepatitis
Liver inflammation.
106
Lactose Intolerance
Inability to digest lactose.
107
Celiac Disease
Immune reaction to gluten.
108
Colon Polyps
Growths in the colon.
109
Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
Network of nerves that controls digestion independently.
110
Myenteric Plexus
Part of the ENS that controls gut movement.
111
Submucosal Plexus
Part of the ENS that controls secretions and blood flow.
112
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Controls involuntary functions, including digestion.
113
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Part of the ANS that increases digestion.
114
Sympathetic Nervous System
Part of the ANS that slows digestion.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II (4 decks)

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