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Hormones and Digestion > Endocrine System & Hormones > Flashcards

Endocrine System & Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What major processes are controlled by hormones

A

Reproduction, growth and development, mobilizing body defences against stressors, maintain electrolyte, water and nutrient balance of the blood, regulating cellular metabolism and energy balance

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2
Q

How does the endocrine system work

A

uses chemical messengers called hormones, which are released into the blood to be transported leisurely throughout the body

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3
Q

Define Hormones

A

Chemical substance secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids, that regulate the metabolic activity of other cells in the body.

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4
Q

What is amines

A

Organic compound that binds to what it needs in that area

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5
Q

What 2 ways can hormones be classified as

A

Amino acid-based molecules (including proteins, peptides and amines) or steroids (made by gonads and hormones produced by adrenal cortex)

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6
Q

Steroidal hormones trigger changes in cell by (6)

A
  • Diffuse through the plasma membranes of their target cells.
  • enters nucleus
  • Binds to specific receptor protein
  • hormone-receptor binds to specific sites on DNA
  • activates certain genes to transcribe mRNA
  • mRNA is translated in the cytoplasm, resulting in synthesis of new proteins.
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7
Q

Non-steroidal hormones trigger changes in cell by (4)

A
  • hormone binds to membrane receptor
  • setting off series of reactions that activates enzymes which
  • catalyzes a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule (AMP) that
  • oversees additional intracellular changes that promotes typical response of target cell to the hormone.
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8
Q

What is the meaning of Hormone

A

To arouse

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9
Q

Explain Direct Gene Activation (6)

A

Steroids use this. Being a lipid-soluble molecules, it can:

  • diffuse through the plasma membranes of their target cells.
  • enters the nucleus
  • binds to a specific hormone receptor
  • hormone-receptor complex then binds to specific sites on the cells DNA
  • activating certain genes to transcribe mRNA
  • mRNA is translated in the cytoplasm, resulting in the synthesis of new proteins
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10
Q

Explain second-messenger system (4)

A

Peptides bind to hormone receptors situated on target cells plasma membrane.

  • the hormone binds to the membrane receptor
  • activated receptor sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme
  • enzyme catalyzes reactions that produce second messenger molecules that
  • oversee additional intracellular changes that promote the typical response of the target cell to the hormone.
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11
Q

What determines whether a hormone will influence a given body cell

A

A hormone can influence a body cell only if that cell has receptors for that hormone on its plasma membrane or internally.

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12
Q

Why is it important that signal triggering a pain response come from the nervous system and not the endocrine

A

The endocrine system delivers commands slowly via hormones where as the nervous system uses electrical messages that are much faster

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13
Q

What is a hormone and a target organ

A

Hormone is a chemical messenger. Target organ of a hormone is the specific cell or tissue that the hormone affects

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14
Q

What major endocrine organ is part of the nervous system

A

Hypothalamus

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15
Q

What are two important differences between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

Endocrine glands are ductless and release their hormones into the interstitial fluid. Exocrine glands empty through ducts to an epithelial surface

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16
Q

Name the hormones of the Anterior Pituitary (6)

A

Growth Hormone (GH), Prolactin (PRL), Thyrotropic Hormone /Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TH) or (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH), 2 gonadotropic hormones: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing hormone (LH)

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17
Q

Why is the Posterior pituitary not an endocrine gland

A

It is used for storage of the hormones made by the hypothalmus.

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18
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland release

A

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic homone (ADH)

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19
Q

What are the hormones of the Thyroid

A

T3(Triiodothyronine), T4 (Thyroxine), Calcitonin

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20
Q

Why is iodine important for proper thyroid gland function

A

Functional thyroid hormone has iodine as part of its structure

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21
Q

What does calcitonin do

A

Deposits calcium in bones. Ceases to work in adults.

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22
Q

What do Thyroid hormones do

A

Controls the rate at which glucose is burned or oxidized and converted to to body heat and chemical energy.
Also important in tissue growth and development, especially in reproductive and nervous systems.

23
Q

What does the gonadotropic hormones do

A

FSH stimulates follicle development in the ovaries, produce estrogen. Readies eggs for ovulation. In men, stimulates sperm development by the testes.
LH triggers ovulation and causes ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogen. In men, stimulates testosterone production.

24
Q

What does prolactin do

A

It stimulates and maintains milk production in mothers breasts. Unknown in men

25
Q

What does GH do.

A

Considered a metabolic hormone. Aids in growth of skeletal muscles and long bones.

26
Q

What does oxytocin do

A

Stimulates powerful contractions of the uterine muscles during childbirth, sex and breast feeding. Causes milk ejection in a nursing woman.

27
Q

What does the ADH so.

A

ADH prevents urine production. Causes kidneys to reabsorb more water from forming urine. Result is urine volume decreases and blood volume increases.

28
Q

What hormone increases blood calcium levels, and which endocrine gland produces this hormone?

A

Parathyroid hormone made by the parathyroid

29
Q

What hormone reduces blood calcium levels and which endocrine gland produces that hormone

A

Calcitonin produced by the thyroid gland

30
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland is the glandular tissue and which has the neural tissue

A

Glandular tissue is cortex, neural tissue is medulla.

31
Q

What 3 steroid hormones does the adrenal cortex produce

A

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids and sex hormones (mainly androgens but some estrogen)

32
Q

What hormone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium

A

Aldosterone

33
Q

Which group of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex has some of the same effects as the hormones of the ovaries and the testes

A

Sex hormones (androgens and estrogen)

34
Q

What is the function of mineralocorticoids and its target.

A

Regulating mineral (or salt) content of the blood. Target is the kidney

35
Q

What does the glucocorticoids produce

A

Cortisone & cortisol

36
Q

What are the function of glucocorticoids

A

promotes normal cell metabolism and helps body resist long term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels. They also control the more unpleasant effects of inflammation by decreasing edema.

37
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (nonadrenaline). Together called catecholamines.

38
Q

What do the catecholamines do

A

Increase heart rate, blood pressure & blood glucose levels, and dilate the small passageways of the lungs.

39
Q

What are is the difference of the adrenal medulla and cortex when coping with stress

A

Hormones of the adrenal medulla prepare the body to cope with a brief short term stressful situation (alarm phase of stress response)
Glutocorticoids from the adrenal cortex are more important in helping the body cope with long term stressors (operating in the resistance stage of stress response)

40
Q

What do glucocorticoids do in long term stress response

A

Proteins and fats are converted to glucose or broken down for energy, Increase blood sugar, suppression of immune system.

41
Q

Removal of which portion of the adrenal gland could be fatal

A

Adrenal Cortex

42
Q

True or False: Pancreas is solely an endocrine gland

A

False

43
Q

What does the pancreas produce and their functions

A

Insulin: increases cells ability to transport glucose across their plasma membranes. Sweeps glucose out of the blood so it’s effect is hypoglycemic.
Glucagon: raises level of glucose in the blood stream. Primary target the liver which stimulates break down of stored glycogen to glucose, releasing glucose into the blood.

44
Q

Mrs. Bellamy’s husband has suffered a heart attack and is hospitalized. Would you expect her blood glucose levels to be elevated, normal or lower than normal? Why?

A

Elevated. because of her stress. When we are stressed, both glucocorticoids (adrenal cortical hormones) and epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenal medullary hormones) are produced in increased amounts. Both sets of hormones promote rise in blood glucose levels

45
Q

Insulin and glucagon are both pancreatic hormones. Which stimulates cellular uptake of glucose

A

Insulin

46
Q

What does the pineal gland produce

A

Melatonin

47
Q

What does the hormone of the pineal gland do

A

Melatonin establishes your day-night cycle by being a “sleep trigger”. Also believed to control the hormones of fertility.

48
Q

Name the hormone of the Thymus gland

A

Thymosin

49
Q

What does the hormone of the thymus gland do

A

assists in the development of white blood cells and the immune response

50
Q

What are the hormones of the gonads

A

Estrogen, progesterone and testosterone

51
Q

What does estrogen do

A

develops first and secondary sex characteristics in women and working with progesterone promotes breast development and cyclic changes in the uterine lining

52
Q

What is progesterones job

A

Promotes growth of uterine lining

53
Q

What is testosterones job

A

promotes growth and maturation of the reproductive system of males. Is necessary for continuous production of sperm

Hormones and Digestion (2 decks)

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