Digestive system

Question 1

Name the parts of the foregut (8)

Answer 1

Mouth, Oesophagus(esophagus), Cardia, Stomach, pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, Ileum

Question 2

Name the parts of the hindgut (10)

Answer 2

Base of caecum, body of caecum, apex, right ventral colon, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, right dorsal colon, transverse colon, descending colon (sm colon), rectum

Question 3

Name and how many teeth in each quadrant

Answer 3

3 incisors, canine teeth, wolfteeth (in %50), 3 premolars, 3 molars.

Question 4

Name the innervations for the muscles of mastication, cheek and tongue (intrinsic & extrinsic)

Answer 4

Mastication= N Trigeminus
Cheek= N Fascial
Tongue= hypoglossal

Question 5

What is saliva secreted by

Answer 5

glandulae parotis, glandulae sublinguals (fascial n) glandulae submandibulares, little buccal glands (trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, facial n)

Question 6

Where are salivary glands present

Answer 6

cheek, tongue, lips, esophagus, soft palate and pharynx. Major salivary glands are located further away from the oral cavity and function through connective ducts

Question 7

What is saliva composed of

Answer 7

mainly water that contains:
amylase for carb digestion
salt-mainly sodium bicarbonate
mucin
electrolytes
antimicrobial agents and lingual lipase.

Question 8

The amount of saliva secreted is relative to the food we eat, what is secreted for dry and rough food

Answer 8

Dry- mainly serous saliva

Rough- mainly mucous saliva (for lube)

Question 9

What connects the esophagus to the stomach

Answer 9

cardiac sphincter

Question 10

What are the 3 layers of the stomach

Answer 10

circular, longitudinal and oblique

Question 11

What are the 4 types of layers in the digestive tract

Answer 11

Mucosa, submucosa, longitudinal muscular layer, serosa

Question 12

What nerve is used in the control of the stomach

Answer 12

Left N Vagus

Question 13

What are the purpose of the 3 enzymes found in the food reservoir

Answer 13

amylase: carbohydrate digestion started in mouth
acid: bacteria extermination
Pepsin: divides the long protein chains into smaller amino acids (controlled by N Vagus)

Question 14

In stomach secretion, there is the cepahlic and gastric phase. What happens in each phase,

Answer 14

cephalic: through excitation of nose and mouth sensors
Gastric: a)vago- vagal reflex: excitation of viscero sensoric fibers in the N Vagus causes secretion
b)Local reflexes in the stomach wall
c)the hormone gastrin: excitation of the antrum pylori and the excitation of the mucosa of the antrum sets free gastrin.

Question 15

Explain the hormone gastrin phase of the gastric phase

Answer 15

excitiation of the antrum pylori and the excitation of the mucosa of the antrum sets free gastrin.
this gastrin will be deported by the blood stream but returns through the stomach arteries back to the stomach wall
gastrin activates the stomach secretion as well as the pancreas secretion

Question 16

What are the lipids in the duodenum divided in.

Answer 16

Glyceride and Fatty Acids

Question 17

What is the roll of the pancreas

Answer 17

Pancreas secretes insulin & glucagon. Also secretes sodium bicarbonate directly into the duodenum washing the acid off the chyme that has come through the pyloric sphincter through the pancreatic duct

Question 18

What does pepsin do

Answer 18

Breaks down Proteins into amino acid chains

Question 19

What other enzymes are in the stomach

Answer 19

resin and lipase

Question 20

What is the digestive function of bile

Answer 20

To break up large fat masses into smaller ones for enzymic digestion

Question 21

What are the ligaments that hold the liver

Answer 21

Coronary ligament, falicform ligament, left & right triangular ligament

Question 22

What is the digestive function of bile

Answer 22

To break up large fat masses into smaller ones for enzymic digestion

Question 23

What happens when there are no fats present in chyme

Answer 23

Leaky gut. The stomach will stay in constant motion

Question 24

Where are majority of glands found in stomach

Answer 24

Distal stomach by the pyloric

Question 25

<p>Where is the spleen located</p>

Answer 25

<p>11th to just past 18th rib on the left side.</p>

Question 26

Where is the stomach located on the horse

Answer 26

Left side 14th to 9th rib,

Question 27

Where is the liver located on both sides

Answer 27

Left 6-10, Right 6-15

Question 28

What protects the stomach lining from hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes

Answer 28

Fat

Question 29

What happens if food doesn’t stretch the stomach or duodenum

Answer 29

• vagal nerve is not triggered to produce gastrin
• which won’t go around the stomach to pancreas into the duodenum which produces sodium bicarbonate
• which won’t wash the acid off the food coming from the stomach

Question 30

What do the quadrants of the liver do and where are they located

Answer 30

1st quadrant, right side- hold nutrients & enzymes that itself needs to function
2nd quadrant- proteins, lipids, booze, etc.. is broken down
3rd quadrant- Where gall is produced. Gall salts are required in digestion to attach to the chyme to create more surface for lipids to attach to in order to slow down the digestive process.
4th quadrant left side- largest quadrant is where toxins are processed from the stomach

Question 31

What is the sphincter of Oddi

Answer 31

Papilla duodeni minor

Question 32

What is the sphincter of Oddi

Answer 32

Papilla duodeni minor

Question 33

What two arteries does the duodenum receive blood from

Answer 33

Coeliac artery and cranial mesenteric artery

Question 34

What two arteries does the duodenum receive blood from

Answer 34

Coeliac artery and cranial mesenteric artery

Question 35

What is the transition from into the jejunum marked by

Answer 35

Free border of the plica duodenocolica (fold of the perineum)