Endocrine system conditions Flashcards
name of disease of hyperthyroidism
Graves’ disease
grave’s disease
excessive thyroid activity characterized by a generalized enlargement of the gland and often, protruding eyes caused by retraction of the eyelids and inflammation of ocular muscles
clinical presentation of graves’ disease
generalized elevation in body metabolism; tachycardia, fatigue, and weight loss, hyperactive reflexes, increased sweating, heat intolerance, tremor, nervousness, polydipsia, weakness, increased appetite, dyspnea; proximal muscle weakness (most marked in pelvic girdle and thigh muscles)
what intervention is a potential contraindication with Graves’ disease, why?
aquatic therapy, due to heat intolerance
primary hypothyroidism
results from reduced functional thyroid tissue mass or impaired hormonal synthesis or release (eg: iodine deficiency, loss of thyroid tissue, autoimmune thyroiditis)
secondary hypothyroidism
occur as a result of inadequate stimulation of the gland because of anterior pituitary gland dysfunction
clinical presentation of hypothyroidism
generalized depression of body metabolism; prolonged DTR; aches/pains and cramps/stiffness in proximal muscles; intolerance to cold, excessive fatigue, drowsiness, headaches and weight gain; dry skin, thin and brittle hair and nail; myxedema; flexor tenosynovitis with CTS; women - irregular mentrual bleeding and premenstrual syndrome may worsen; exercise intolerance, weakness, exercise-induced myalgia
hyperparathyroidism disrupts and causes what
calcium, phosphate, and bone metabolism; release of calcium by the bone and accumulation of calcium in the blood stream
symptoms of hyperparathryoidism lead to waht
demineralization of bone and subsequent loss of bone strength and density due to the release of bone calcium into the bloodstream
clinical presentation of hyperparathyroidism
mild-to-severe proximal muscle weakness of extremities, muscle atrophy, bone decalcification bone pain (spine), bone cysts, joint hyper mobility, hyperactive DTR; loss of appetite, weight loss, nausea and vomiting, depression, and increase thirst and urination; GI problems - pancreatitis, peptic ulcers
hypoparathyroidism most commonly results from what
accidental removal or injury of the parathyroid gland during thyroid or anterior neck surgery
hypofunction of the parathyroid gland results in what
hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and pronounced neuromuscular and cardiac irritability
clinical presentation of hypoparathyroidism
hypocalcemia (neuromuscular excitability and muscular tetany, especially involving flexion of the upper extremity; spasm of intercostal muscles and diaphragm compromising breathing; (+) chvostek’s sign (twitching facial muscles with tapping of the facial nerve in front of the ear); cardiac arrhythmias, dry scaly skin, thin hair brittle nails
normal value of potassium
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
normal value of sodium
135 - 145 mEq/L
normal value of calcium
9-11 mg/dL
normal value of magnesium
1.5 - 2.5 mg/dL
causes of hypo kalemia
dietary deficiency; intestinal or urinary losses; trauma: damaged cells release potassium and excreted in urine; medications (potassium-wasting diuretics, steroids, insulin); metabolic alkalosis; severe magnesium deficiency; integumentary loss (sweating); diabetic ketoacidosis
symptoms of hypokalemia
dizzy, hypotension, arrhythmias, ECG changes (flattened T waves, depressed ST segments); nausea and vomiting, anorexia, constipation, abdominal distention; muscle weakness and fatigue, leg cramps; irritability, confusion, mental depression, speech changes, decreased reflexes, pulmonary hyperventilation; metabolic alkalosis
symptoms of hyperkalemia
tachycardia and later bradycardia, ECG changes (tall T waves, prolonged P-R interval and QRS duration); muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis; areflexia progressing to weakness, numbness, tingling, and flaccid paralysis, metabolic acidosis
causes of hyponatremia
inadequate sodium intake; excessive intake or retention of water (kidney/heart failure); excessive water loss and electrolytes (vomiting, excessive perspiration, diuretics, diarrhea); trauma; Addison disease (hypoaldosteronism); neoplasm with ADH production; hypothyroidism; nephrotic syndrome
symptoms of hyponatremia
anxiety, headaches, muscle twitching and weakness, confusion, seizures; hypotension, tachycardia with severe deficit, vasomotor collapse, thready pulse; nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, cold clammy skin, decreased skin turgor
causes of hypernatremia
decreased water intake (comatose, mentally contused, debilitated); water loss, fever, heat exposure, burns; hyperglycemia; excess adrenocortical hormones (Cushing syndrome)
symptoms of hypernatremia
agitation, restlessness, seizures, ataxia, confusion; hypertension tachycardia, pitting edema, excessive weight gain; rough, dry tongue, intense thirst, severe hypotension; dyspnea, respiratory arrest, flushed skin, dry, sticky mucous membranes
