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My VETS2012 > Endocrine system anat 1&2 > Flashcards

Endocrine system anat 1&2 Flashcards

- Endocrine anatomy theory component (no histology cards in here/diagrams)

1
Q

Endocrine verse exocrine glands

A
  • endocrine glands have ducts for transport of substances directly to body cavities or organs - e.g. salivary glands, sweat glands, prostate gland
  • endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones directly into blood - e.g. pituitary gland, adrenal gland, testes
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2
Q

why is endocrine responses slower than neuro responses

A
  • hormones are released from specific cells
  • hormones have to diffuse to and cross capillary wall; blood transport is slower than nerves
  • relies on diffusion once hormone leaves the vascular system
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3
Q

What are the functions of hormones?

A
  • reproduction (Sex hormones)
  • growth and development
  • maintenance of internal environment (adrenals, parathyroid)
    • energy production and storage (thyroid and pancreatic hormones)
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4
Q

Define ‘local’ hormones providing an example

A
  • have a local effect i.e. travel short distance to effector tissue
  • usually only small amounts in system (e.g. secreti)
  • includes paracrine hormones which don’t even enter vasculature to reach their target organ (e.g. gastrin)
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5
Q

Define ‘general’ hormones including examples

A
  • secreted by specific endocrine glands
  • transported around body in blood
  • cause different reactions
  • some hormones have general and local effects
  • some hormones have very set target tissues with specific receptors (e.g. trophic hormones - specific target to release other hormones)
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6
Q

What are tophic hormones

A

hormones that have a specific target tissue that stimulate the release of other hormones

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7
Q

Explain carrier molecules in relation to hormones

A
  • hormones may circulate freely or be bound to carrier molecules
  • free hormones degrade quickly while bound ones last longer*
    • carrier molecules usually proteins
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8
Q

What is the main function of endocrine organs?

A

Endocrine gland contains tissue which releases hormone directly into the blood

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9
Q

What are the three types of endocrine organs

A
  • Organs that are primarily endocrine (pituitary, thyroid)
  • combines endocrine function with other major functions (testes, ovary)
  • Relatively incidental endocrine function (diffuse endocrine system) → liver, kidneys, heat, GIT
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10
Q

What are the typical characteristics of the endocrine glands?

A
  • scattered throughout body and range of embryological origins
  • secrete hormones from cells
  • ductless
  • highly vascular (travel through blood)
  • sparse connective tissue
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11
Q

Discuss the 4 different morphology of endocrine glands (types of endocrine glands)

A
  1. follicular → ovary, thyroid, hormones stored in follicle lumen but reabsorbed to enter capillary, NO DUCTS
  2. Cell masses or cord → pituitary, adrenal cortex
  3. Solitary endocrine cells → enteroendocrine cells
  4. neurocrine cells → products released into blood, hypothalamus and pineal
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12
Q

The 2 routes of hormones released by the hypothalamus (master gland) → explain neurosecretory cells in posterior pituitary

A
  • Neurosecretory cells → make and transport hormones via axons (stored in ends of axons and released from here when required)
  • 2 hormones released: antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
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13
Q

2 routes of hormones in the hypothalamus: explain the neurosecretory cells released into the anterior pituitary

A
  • hormones are released into the anterior pituitary
  • cause release or inhibition of the trophic hormones of the anterior pituitary
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14
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A
  1. anterior pituitary composed of: pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis
  2. posterior pituitary (also composed of 3 parts)
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15
Q

Bone

Anatomy of the pituitary: what is it surrounded by?

A

Completely surrounded by sphenoid bone → thus can’t handle expansion of tissue e.g. as a result of a tumour (there is no room to expand)

*

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16
Q

Main hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland: note what is trophic hormone and not a trophic hormone

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (trophic)

gonadotrophic hormone (FSH and LH) (trophic)

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (trophic)

Growth hormone

prolactin

melanocyte stimulating hormone

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17
Q

What are the main hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland (are there any trophic hormones)

A

oxytocin

antidiuretic hormone

these are not trophic hormones.

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18
Q

Histology of the pituitary gland: What is the main cell type that produces hormones in the pituitary gland

A

chromophils:

  • somatotrophs 45% of cells in pituitary gland (growth hormones)
  • followed by mammotrophs and corticotrophs (20%)

Other cell types are chromophobes (don’t really matter much)

19
Q

List the functions of the pineal gland:

A
  1. regulates diurnal and circadian rhythms (melatonin produced night-time)
  2. inhibits puberty (supresses gonadotrophic function until puberty)
  3. regulates daily fluctuations of corticosteroids (daylight/night/melatonin/cortisol release from adrenal glands)
  4. photoreceptor in lower vertebrate (regulates colour change)
20
Q

Thyroid: What is the function of the thryoid?

A
  • Increases metabolic rate, generating heat
21
Q

What are the 2 main hormones produced by follicular cells in the thyroid gland? What else does thyroid hormone regulate (another hormone)

A
  • Thyroxine (T4)
  • Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
  • Calcium regulation function: through parafollicular cells producing calcitonin (increase uptake of calcium by skeleton thus lowering blood Ca)
22
Q

Why is iodine required in formation of thyroid hormones T4 and T3?

A
  • Formed from iodinised tyrosine molecules in cuboidal follicular cells
  • stores outside follicular cells in follicular lumen as inactive form thyroglobul which forms colloid
  • If deficient in iodine, get build up of thyroglobulin in follicles and enlarged thyroids* (goitre in humans) → swelling of thyroid glands
23
Q

Blood supply of the thyroid comes from:

A
  • Common carotid artery
  • also the cranial thyroid and caudal thyroid artery
    • drains into internal jugular vein
24
Q

What nerve innervates thyroid

A

Parasympathetic nerve supply via vagus

Sympathetic through cranial cervical ganglion

25
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located? What colour do they usually present as in histo?

A

2 pairs small glands

  • on or embedded in thyroid tissue
  • small pink structures, in contract against brick red thyroid
26
Q

Ca

What is the main function of parathyroid glands?

A
  • → main regulator of blood calcium levels → calcitonin provides fine adjustment
  • Produce parathyroid hormone = parathormone
  • raises blood calcium levels (opposite effect of calcitonin)
27
Q

How do parathyroid regulate calcium blood levels?

A
  • increases reabsorption of calcium and decreases reabsorption of phosphate ions in kidneys
  • increase calcium absorption from intestines
28
Q

What are the 2 cell types of the parathyroid gland?

A
  • chief cells - synthesize and secrete parathormone
  • oxyphil cells = less numerous, large and clumped
29
Q

Function of the thymus gland

A
  • produces immunocompetent T lymphocytes
  • produces several hormones including thymosine → hormones which stimulates lymphopoiesis
30
Q

Endocrine organs of the abdomen: adrenal glands blood supply:

A
  • blood supply from nearby vessels
  • venous drainage into vena cava
31
Q

Histology of the adrenal glands: 3 layers of the adrenal cortex:

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
32
Q

Adrenal medulla section of the adrenal gland: what does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A
  • Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • nerves to medulla pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves.
33
Q

Comparative anatomy of the thymus gland: the ox characteristics:

A
  • extensive in calf, both cervical and thoracic components
34
Q

Comparative anatomy of the thymus gland: the horse

A

less extensive than calf, may have small cervical portion

35
Q

Comparative antomy of the thymus gland: dog

A

precardial mediastinum

36
Q

comparative anatomy of the thymus gland: the pig

A
  • extensive cervical and thoracic portions
37
Q

Adrenal cortex: histology components of the three layers: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
PUT PHOTOS IN

A
38
Q

Adrenal medulla: characteristics of histology of medulla: what are the main secretory cells and what do they secrete?

A
  • clusters of cells around capillaries & venules
  • venules drain cortex to central medullary vein
  • chromaffin cells = secretory cells
  • Secrete: adrenaline and noradrenaline
39
Q

Comparative anatomy adrenal glands: the ox

A
  • left adrenal gland C shaped
    • right adrenal gland heart shaped with caudal vena cava going over it
40
Q

Adrenal glands comparative anatomy: the horse

A
  • close to kidneys
  • V compressed dorso-ventrally
41
Q

Pancreas function/secretions of the endocrine and exocrine.

What is key component of the endocrine pancreas?

A
  • endocrine: islets of langerhans
    • insulin and glucagon
  • Exocrine:
    • enzymes, electrolytes, water
    • from pancreatic acini duodenum
42
Q

What does the pancreas generally look like? (colour, shape)

A
  • diffuse, lobulated and pink
43
Q

Islets of langerhans in endocrine pancreas: characteristics

A
  • small masses of pale endocrine cells
  • scattered through exocrine pancreas
    • have reticular fibres
44
Q

islet cells in the islet of langerhans: characteristics of these cells
NEED PHOTO

A
  • rich blood and nerve supply
  • can see different cell types with stains:
    • alpha = peripheral (gulcagon)
    • beta = throughout, 60% insulin
    • delta= 10% somatostatin

My VETS2012 (6 decks)

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