endocrine system Flashcards
what is the endocrine system?
Complex network of integrated organs that communicate directives to help regulate all other body systems and maintain homeostasis.
what is the hypothalamus?
region of the forebrain that governs the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system via pituitary gland.
what is the pancreas
gland that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestines for macronutrient breakdown; also produces the hormones insulin and glucagon for blood glucose regulation
what is eustress?
positive forms of stress that influences psychological/physiological health, ex. exercise
what is distress?
negative form of stress, ex. lack of sleep, over stress
list 5 things that are influenced by eustress
neural efficiency, vascular compliance, O2 extraction, cardiac function, musculoskeletal integrity and function
list 5 things that are influenced by distressed?
platelet adhesion, cortisol production, LDL and triglycerides, susceptibility to low grade inflation, low protein sparing mechanism
what are steroid hormones?
cholesterol based compounds that serve various functions, related to but not limited to; sexual development, reproduction, tissue synthesis, inflammatory regulation and metabolism.
what are polypeptides hormones?
chain of amino acids in the endocrine cells that attach to membrane receptors on cells the activate secondary messenger systems
what are the function of receptors?
allow the appropriate hormone to impact given tissue
what is an anabolic hormone, and is release in which gland?
compounds involved in creating protein synthesis and tissue growth, and is released in the pituitary gland
what is are growth hormones?
promotes cell division and proliferation by facilitating protein synthesis; it protects glycogen reserves and limits carbohydrate metabolism by mobilizing lipids for fuel during exercise and also plays a role in recovery
what is an Insulin-like growth factor?
considered to be a central signaling hormone for the promotion of muscle growth following resistance training (hypertrophy promoter)
what are Gonadal Hormones?
including testosterone and estrogen, released from reproductive organs such as the testes and ovaries help regulate sex-specific characteristics and various protective elements
what is testosterone?
anabolic hormone produced in men and women that stimulates the development of male secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., facial hair) and acts on gene expression for protein synthesis; men possess 10x the quantity of women
what is estrogen?
steroid hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of female secondary characteristics (e.g., breast tissue) and is integral to bone maintenance in men and women; men convert testosterone into a form of estrogen (estradiol)
what is hyperglycemia?
abnormally high blood glucose level which can potentially damage bodily tissues, including vascular structures (diabetes)
what is hypoglycemia?
low blood sugar level that occurs when blood glucose concentrations drop below a critical level; the metabolic demands of the brain and central nervous system cannot be met
what are the pancreas 2 main function?
the production of digestive enzymes that break down fat, carbohydrates, and proteins for absorption via the lining of the small intestine. Secondly regulate blood sugar levels by the release of insulin and glucagon
what is glucagon?
functions to regulate blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver to release free glucose into circulation to increase levels
what is insulin?
regulates blood glucose control and tissue growth, allows blood glucose to be pulled from the bloodstream into tissues based on need; dysfunction is associated with insulin resistance and diabetes
what is a thyroid?
gland which serves as the primary regulator for growth and the rate of metabolism within the body; function is important for normal child development and lean mass maintenance. Manages the human metabolism via hormones
What is hypothyroidism?
abnormally low activity of the thyroid which usually results in weight gain and can retard growth as well as mental development
where are the 2 adrenal glands?
the adrenal cortex, and the medulla
what is cortisol and its roles in the body?
regulates numerous metabolic/cardiovascular functions and helps manage blood pressure; it is released in response to exercise stress and low blood glucose concentrations; a chronic elevation in cortisol is associated with overtraining
what is epinephrine and its roles in the human body?
secreted by the adrenal glands during conditions of stress to increase blood circulation, ventilation, and carbohydrate metabolism to prepare muscles for exertion (a.k.a. adrenaline)
what is norepinephrine and is role in the body?
secreted from the adrenal glands in response to stress by increasing blood pressure and blood glucose levels; has an affinity for different tissue receptors than epinephrine but facilitates similar responses
what are catecholamines and their role in the body?
potent neurotransmitters that help the body respond to stress or elicit fight-or-flight responses (e.g., dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine)
what is a fight or flight response?
acute increase in adrenal hormone activity which expedites enhancements in cardiac output, blood flow, and energy metabolism to rapidly deal with a perceived stress/threat
the hormone and action from the anterior pituitary gland?
growth hormone: stimulates IGF, protein synthesis, growth and metabolism
the hormone and action from the thyroid?
thyroxine: stimulates metabolic rate, regulates cell growth and activity
the hormone and action from the adrenal cortex?
cortisone: promote the use of fatty acids and protein catabolism, conserves sugar, maintains blood glucose levels. And aldosterone: promotes sodium, potassium metabolism and water retention
what hormones and roles come from the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine: increases cardiac output, increases glycogen catabolism and fatty acid release. Norepinephrine: has properties of epinephrine and constricts blood vessels
what hormones and role comes from the pancreas?
insulin: promotes glucose uptake by the cell, stores glycogen. Aids in protein synthesis. Glucagon: releases sugar from the liver into circulation
what hormones come from the lever and their roles?
Insulin-Like Growth factors: Increases protein synthesis
what hormone and roles come from the ovaries?
estrogen: simulates bone remodeling activity
what hormone comes from the testes and their role?
testosterone: stimulates growth, increases protein anabolism, reduces body fat,
what are the effects that resistance training has on hormones?
Growth hormone, cortisol, IGF, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, epinephrine, testosterone go up and insulin goes down.
